Taekwondo or Tae-Kwon-Do or Taekwon-Do is a Korean martial art practiced as a martial art in this country. The three syllables describe the foot technique (tae), the hand technique (kwon) and the way (do) in the sense of method or goal striving. The word taekwondo can therefore be translated as “the way of foot and fist fighting” or “the way of foot and fist”. There are differences to other Asian martial arts. Taekwondo relies on speed and dynamics and foot techniques dominate.

Taekwondo evolved from Japanese karate after 1945, right after the end of Japanese rule in Korea. Techniques and forms are therefore similar to karate technique. The name Taekwondo was first used in 1955. Taekwondo substyles later developed: ITF Traditional, ITF Reformed, and WT. They differ in form (Hyeong, Tul and Pumsae) and in athletic combat. In the Olympic competition system there is a ban on hitting your head with your fist.

Taekwondo has developed from a Korean national sport into a modern competitive sport and has spread throughout the world. For a Taekwondo training one has to join one of the many associations. There are international competitions and this WT-style sport has also been an Olympic discipline since 2000. An estimated 40 million people worldwide train in this dynamic full-contact competitive sport.

Equipment

The combat suit called Dobok consists of a kind of jacket (Sang-I), trousers (Hang-I) and belt (Ty). The material is lightweight, bleached white and durable fabric. The suit allows all movements and is also tear-resistant. This suit is also the only clothing, the feet remain unclothed. Any form of jewelry (rings, watches, earrings) must also be removed during training due to the risk of injury.

Protective equipment is permitted in WT competitions, as it is a full-contact fight: soft helmet, protective vest, mouth guard, groin guard, hand guards, forearm and shin guards and, depending on the age group, also with instep guards.

The jacket top should cover the buttocks, the sleeves should cover half the forearm up to the wrists at the most. Black border and black lapels are only allowed for dan holders. During competitions, the top is usually closed and pulled over the head.

The pants are wide, reaching half the calf and worked in such a way that a lateral split is possible.

A training suit is also permitted for a trial session. However, when you join an association, you have to acquire a dobok, already as a symbol of unity. The color white also has a symbolic character, like a blank sheet of paper, completely empty. Taekwondo students should absorb knowledge and skills, process them and then successfully put them into practice.

Belt and belt system

Taekwondo belts mainly serve a practical purpose, to hold the jacket together. Wearing it three finger widths below the navel also points to the center of the life force Chi in Asian philosophy. Another practical purpose, concentration of power, is similar to the power belt used in weightlifting. This is also worn three finger widths below the navel. The colors of the belt also provide information about the rank or the level of training and knowledge. However, this belt system has only been used in judo since the 19th century.

When Taekwondo started, there were only four belt colors, corresponding to the Korean flag: white, blue, red and black, the colors of the Korean flag. Meanwhile there are also yellow, green and brown.

The belt grades are divided into student class (Kup) and master class, Dan or Poom. The classification of the classes varies depending on the association.

The meaning of the belt colors

• The white belt is worn by beginners
• The white and yellow belt is a transition.
• The yellow belt stands for fertile soil on which knowledge and ability should thrive.
• The yellow-green belt is a transition.
• The green belt symbolizes the first sprouts and fruits, signs that something is maturing in the student.
• The green-blue belt is a transition.
• The blue belt stands for the sky and thus symbolically for a limit and encouragement to strive for and achieve higher things.
• The blue-red belt is a transition.
• The red belt represents the sun, which already has great power, so the student is about to become a master. Some schools use the brown belt here instead.
• The red-black belt is a transition.
• Black is the color of the masters and the “black belt” is reserved for them only. Only the dan bearers are also allowed to wear doboks with a black lapel.

Taekwondo training

Taekwondo does not only include physical training units and conscious exercise of the movement sequences. There is also a philosophy behind this, summarized as the so-called “Principles of Taekwondo”:

• Ye-Ui, the courtesy
• Yom Chi, the integrity
• In-Nae, the perseverance, the patience
• Guk-Gi, the self-discipline
• Beakjul-bool-gul, the indomitable

All Taekwondo students should feel committed to the following oath:

• I undertake to abide by the principles of Taekwondo
• I pledge to respect my coach and all superiors
• I pledge never to abuse Taekwondo
• I pledge to work for freedom and justice
• I am committed to helping create a more peaceful world

The theory of power

The Taekwondo technique uses certain physical laws, the so-called “theory of strength”. This consists of:

• Concentration: Allowing the entire force to act on the smallest possible area at the precise moment of the blow. Large area = small force effect, small area = large force effect.
• Reaction force: Opponent’s force plus own force = force acting on the opponent.
• Balance: Attack becomes more effective and defense becomes more stable when the body is in balance.
• Breathing control: Your own impact and protection of your own body increase by tensing the abdominal muscles (exhaling and pressing) at the moment of the impact.
• Speed: The greater the speed, the greater the effective force.
• Mass: The greater the mass involved in the punch (hip and entire body, not just the punching or kicking part), the greater the effective force.

Training exercises

The training exercises and the stages of progress in Taekwondo are derived from the philosophies and physical laws mentioned.

• Elementary school (Gibon Yeonseup): Practicing individual movements and techniques by repeating them several times, without opponents.
• Form run (Teul, Hyeong, Pumsae (Taegeuk/Palgue)): fixed techniques are performed in a given order.
• One Step Combat (Hanbon Gyeorugi, Ilbo Matsogi, Ilbo Daeryeon): A practice combat with a fixed sequence of techniques against an opponent. In addition to the one-step fight, there are also two- and three-step fights (ibo and sambo matsogi, ibo and sambo daeryeon); they are of secondary importance.
• Break Test (Gyeokpa): Destroying wooden boards, bricks or other materials using Taekwondo techniques.
• Free Combat (Daeryeon, Matsogi, or Gyeorugi): Free practice combat against an opponent, often without touching it.
• Competition (Chayu Matsogi): Light, semi or full contact combat against an opponent.
• Self-Defense (Hosinsul): Self-defense against one or more unarmed or armed opponents.
• Gymnastics (Dosu Dallyon)
• Theory (Ilon)

The Taekwondo Rules

Depending on the style, school or grandmaster, there are different strict rules for training processes or a general code of conduct. The more traditional Taekwondo is practiced, the stricter these rules are. However, many rules apply to the sport of Taekwondo in general.

These are for example:

• You show up for training on time and in clean sportswear (Dobok). Hands and feet washed, fingernails and toenails short.
• No eating or drinking during a training session, no chewing gum or a smoke break – all attention is given to the teacher or training partner.
• No leaving the training area during a training session – go to the toilet beforehand or check out with the teacher. Interruptions disrupt the lessons and when the body cools down again, the risk of injury increases.
• Before training, the students line up in front of the master in a fixed order according to their rank, the highest always in front on the right.
• The training begins when the teacher gives the order to line up. Then the first student on the right front greets the coach in Korean. The group then bows to the teacher and the teacher to the group.
  No chatting or laughing out loud is allowed during training. The teacher’s commands must be able to be heard at all times and must also be obeyed.
• Only the teacher or high ranks are allowed to teach or correct techniques to other students. Because the techniques have to be learned absolutely correctly. This applies in particular to the shape run, since otherwise incorrect movement sequences can spread.
• Attacks against each other, breaking tests, exercises with weapons (e.g. in self-defence) or other difficult exercises may only be carried out with the express permission of the teacher and under his supervision. Otherwise the risk of injury is too great.
• If the teacher orders the exercise to be aborted (command Geuman or Baro or Gallyeo), all exercises must be stopped immediately.

The bow

Since bows, respect and the preservation of form are a matter of course in everyday life in Asia, there are also certain formal rules in Taekwondo.

The bow expresses respect for the teacher and the practice partner and serves for collection and concentration. It shows that you are focused on the task at hand. Concentration enables complex movement sequences and ensures that the partner is not accidentally injured.

The bow is usually prepared with the command cha-ryeot (attention!). The feet are positioned side by side in Moa Seogi, fists on the outstretched arm slightly beside the body. Look at the person opposite. With the command Gyeong-nye (greet, bow), the upper body bends forward at a right angle, the arms with the fists are also slightly bent.

A bow ensues

• when entering and leaving the practice room
• at the beginning and end of the training session
• before and after partner exercises
• before and after a fracture test (e.g. of a wooden board)

A WT version of this gesture allows the hands to be placed on the hips and remain there while the body bends. Schools can choose what bowing technique they expect.

Competition Rules

A taekwondo competition or free fight always takes place on a defined field. A judge directs the competition while several judges evaluate it. The fight lasts a few minutes, during which the participants try to hit the opponent in full contact using Taekwondo techniques.

Full contact means foot techniques to the body and head. Hand techniques to the head are not allowed due to the increased risk of injury, only fist techniques to the torso. Deep foot techniques on the legs are prohibited. Points are awarded depending on the part of the body hit: Torso two points, head 3 points. An additional point is given for turning techniques, points are deducted as punishment for unsportsmanlike conduct. A competition can also be marked by a KO. be decided.

At Olympic Games there are three rounds of two minutes each with a one minute rest. Olympic competitions take place in four of the usual eight weight classes for men and women. The international WT competition rules apply and the competitors wear the prescribed protective equipment (head protection, shin and elbow pads, groin guard, mouthguard, breastplate).
Military World Championships (CISM) in full contact competition (WT) also take place regularly.

In free fights, light or semi-contact usually applies and the correct and aesthetic execution of the technique(s) is rated more than the hits. Hand and foot protection is allowed. Foot techniques in all variants and combinations are combined with real fist fighting techniques, including punching techniques to the head.

In addition to the free fight, form tournaments are also held. The traditional Hyeong form means: no contact or only light contact, no protection. With a few potentially very dangerous exceptions (e.g. edge of hand against the neck), all regular Taekwondo techniques are allowed. However, you may not touch the opponent at all or only slightly.

How to tie a taekwondo belt

What does taekwondo mean?

“Tae” means “foot,” “leg,” or “to step on”; “Kwon” means “fist,” or “fight”; and “Do” means the “way” or “discipline.” If we put these three parts together, we can see two important concepts behind “Tae Kwon Do”.

Is taekwondo a sport?

Taekwondo – a martial art of Korean origin – became an Olympic sport at the Summer Olympic Games in Sydney – Australia in 2000. In the combat sports called martial arts, Taekwondo joined judo which was first included in the Summer Olympic Games at the 1964 Games in Tokyo, Japan.

Where is taekwondo practiced?

Taekwondo made its debut as a demonstration Olympic sport at the 1988 Seoul Games, and became an official medal sport at the 2000 Sydney Games.

Where is taekwondo from?

In Korea, Taekwondo began as a defense martial art called “Subak” or “Taekkyon,” and developed as a way of training body and mind in the ancient kingdom of Koguryo, under the name of “Sunbae.” In the Shilla period, it had become the backbone of Hwarangdo that aimed at producing leaders of the country.

Is taekwondo effective?

Without a doubt, Taekwondo is one of the most effective fighting disciplines in the world. It’s always fascinating to… In modern MMA, fast kicks have become very important during the standup fight.

When did taekwondo begin?

Taekwondo was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by various Korean martial artists as a blend of the indigenous Korean fighting styles of taekkyeon, gwonbeop, and subak, with influence from foreign martial arts, such as karate and Chinese martial arts.

In order to play Brennball correctly, you absolutely need the Brennball rules. We have summarized these for you and explained them in detail so that there are no misunderstandings during the game.

History of the Brennball

Brennball comes from Scandinavia and is even a professional sport in Sweden. Every year, several hundred teams take part in the so-called Brännbollscupen in Umeå. In Finland, the game variant called pesäpallo is considered the Finnish national sport, there is also a national championship with its own league. In Denmark this game is known as rundbold (round ball), in Norway as slåball (hit ball), in Switzerland as mat ball, mat run or balle brûlée.

Brennball is used in Germany and Austria as a throwing, catching and running game, especially in physical education. However, for years, competitions based on the Swedish model have been held in Würzburg, Umeå’s twin town (International Würzburg Burning Ball Tournament).

Brennball mostly uses a volleyball that is thrown and like baseball there are “bases”. In some variants, the ball is not thrown but hit with a bat.

The Brennball Rules

You play Brennball with two teams, which can consist of any number of people. According to the Brennball rules, the playing field must be a delimited area such as a sports field or a hall. So-called “bases” must be marked at the edge of the playing field, mostly sports mats are used for this. A volleyball is usually used as a game ball, but you can also use other balls or objects to throw.

One team spreads out in the field, the other outside the field, at the edge of which there are a number of “bases” (usually sports mats or something similar). One team spreads out in the infield, the other waits outside the field.

Only at the tournaments there are certain dress codes, for example rules for protective clothing when using racquets. Otherwise, the usual training clothes for school sports are sufficient.

Gameplay

The game begins with a player from one team throwing the ball into the infield and running. The player’s goal is to run over as many mats as possible. At the same time, the opposing team tries to get the ball to the target – usually a vessel at the starting point – as quickly as possible. If they manage to place the ball while the runner is not touching either mat, that player is considered “burned.” This means that this player has to go back to the starting point, or in other game variants he is even completely eliminated from the game.

However, if the player manages to touch a mat while the ball lands in the jar, he can use that base as a starting point for the next run. He can start running towards the target mat again when it is his teammates’ turn to throw. If he can reach the target mat, his team gets a point.

Home run

Some variants also use a home run rule. Here, the team whose thrower can complete a whole round after the throw gets more than just one point. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.

Teams switch roles either after a set amount of time or when a certain number of players are “burned”. You also have to swap if a team can no longer muster a thrower because everyone is either on mats or “burned”.

More variants

Some variants limit the number of players on a mat to three in the Brennball rules. If another arrives, one of the players on the mat is automatically considered “burned”, either the newcomer or the player who arrived first on that mat.

There are many other variations on the rules of the game, such as the size of the field or the type of ball. In Sweden, the variant brännboll is played with wooden racquets and a tennis ball.

International Wurzburg Brennball tournament

The Brennball rules of the International Würzburg Brennball Tournament specify a field of 20 x 28 meters and a playing time of 2 x 12 minutes. If there is time left when the last ball is played, the batting side may field a very last batsman.

Teams are limited to a maximum of 10 and should be as evenly mixed as possible (at least three of each gender). Eight players are on the field and substitutions may be made after consultation with the referee.

Clothes, rackets, and balls

The allowed racquets are

Heavy rackets with a weight of about 510 grams and a length of 70 centimeters with a green colored face
light racket with a weight of about 380 grams and a length of 70 centimeters with a blue face.
Bringing your own bats to the game is prohibited.
Another rule is that the thugs are not allowed to use gloves.

The balls used are tennis balls, as clothing, ordinary training clothes meet the regulations. There is usually no special protective clothing.

Invalid shots under Brennball rules

There are a maximum of two attempts for the punches if the first punch fails.
An invalid shot is when

the batsman’s hand is not in the racquet loop
the batsman’s feet are not on the batting mat
or the ball

ball is not hit
hit above head height
falls to the ground in front of the pop line
hitting the ground outside of the strike sector
is caught
The batsman must bat at the referee’s request, otherwise it is considered a time game. A batsman may, but need not, wait for a burned player to re-enter the game.

At the start of a half and after a burnout, two people are allowed to go straight to the first corner without batting. However, no field player may be in the area between the popping line and the hitting mat during the shot.

Burned Players

A player is considered fired when he

starts too early
abbreviates
has not crossed the center line of the base marker with the front of the torso
Burned players return to the first corner. You must be standing on the burn mat when the ball is hit. However, as long as the ball is in play, the burner is free to move around the field.

Brennball Rules: Scoring

The batting side gets 1 point for each player in goal and 6 points for a home run.

The fielding side scores 1 point each for firing or catching the ball straight out of the air. A burned player must go to the first corner. There are 5 points for burning out the batting team. In the event of a burnout, all players must return to the batting ground.
If there is a tie at the end, the lot decides according to the Brennball rules.

The trend sport slackline is similar to tightrope walking. A synthetic fiber or webbing strap stretched between two attachment points at a height of about one meter is used for balancing. The term slackline itself can be translated as a slack rope or slack line because the line sags. A slackline stretches under the weight load, in contrast to a tightly stretched dance or tightrope. This is the balance point of a slackliner and all own movements must be constantly compensated. This sport therefore requires an interplay of concentration, coordination and balance. Slackline sport is suitable as additional training for all sports that require a good sense of balance. These sports are, for example, climbing, skiing, martial arts, horseback riding, vaulting, longboarding or snowboarding.

Slacking is a relatively young sport and developed in the early 1980s among free and extreme climbers in Yosemite National Park. They used their climbing gear for slacking in their camps. From the turn of the millennium, the sport spread to other climbing areas and finally outside of climbing. At the same time, some climbers and top skiers in Europe also actively practiced balancing on taut ropes as a training method during the same period.

Slackline material

Slack band

A slackline is usually a flat band with a width of 25 to 30 millimeters, beginners can also purchase bands that are 35 to 50 millimeters wide. The latter are also called tricklines. These have a higher breaking load and significantly less stretch. Balancing is therefore easier. The stretching of the band is also crucial. Elastic slacklines are preferred up to a length of 30 meters. Less stretchy webbing is recommended from 30 meters, otherwise tensioning the slacklines becomes too difficult.

There are 9 types of slacklines:

• Low lines or trick lines
  These are stretched low at knee or hip height, mostly over soft ground like grass or sand.
• long lines
  A slackline that is as long as possible, which poses special challenges because it can be made to vibrate very easily. Long lines should be set up by professionals, since a lot of effort (up to about 100 times the weight) is required to stretch them.
• Rodeo or freestyle lines
  These slacklines are rather slack and are good training for longlines. In both cases you have to hold the slackline very still.
• high lines
  Highlines are installed at a height of a few meters up to several hundred meters and are used with a safety sling.
• Waterlines
  Waterlines are slacklines stretched over water. In addition to stable fixed points, attention should also be paid to a suitable body of water with round gravel, sand or mud. A water depth of approx. 1.40 meters is usually sufficient.
• jump line
  Since the so-called “jumping” on the slackline has been spreading since 2007, there are special jumplines that are stretched as tightly as possible up to chest height. Jumplines are usually a maximum of 15 meters long. Several lines can also be stretched next to each other in order to jump from line to line.
• Night and dark lines
  Here the slackline is set up in dark rooms, at night or in as dark a place as possible. Here you have to rely exclusively on the organ of equilibrium, hearing and the sense of movement.
  slackline and skateboarding
  Here skateboarders use a slackline to slide along like street railings and benches.
• slack board
  In the winter months or in bad weather, an indoor slackline can be used indoors, which is attached to a structure. This so-called slack board allows slacking away from trees and attachment points.
• attachment
  A slackline requires two attachment points, such as trees, rocks or walls. For trees, wide bands are better and a protective covering is needed between the bark and the band (a piece of carpet, a mat or special cambium savers.

Attachment

Firmly sewn lifting straps or round slings can be used to attach a slackline, as well as a screw carabiner (shackle) at one end and a pulley block, a ratchet strap or a lever hoist at the other end for tensioning.

A newer and simpler two-piece variation uses a strap with a loop at one end. This is placed around the tree and the rope is threaded through the loop. The second part consists of a short rope with a loop on one end and a ratchet on the other for tightening. Such a slackline can be set up quickly and without prior knowledge.

Instead of trees as anchors, supports or ground anchors in the ground can also be used.

Breaking load

The breaking load of the materials is also important for every slackline athlete. The resilience of the steel carabiners and shackles have sufficient strength for loads, aluminum carabiners from climbing, on the other hand, are less. Ordinary climbing gear can be used for softly tensioned slacklines or rodeolines, but should not be used for longlines, highlines and jumplines.

Non-certified carabiners from the supermarket or hardware store are not designed for slackline loads.

Slack parties and competitions

At slack festivals, slackliners meet to exchange experiences or present new techniques.

The World Slackline Federation has existed since 2011 to establish the technique of tricklining as a competitive sport. The WSFed provides certified judges for competitions. There are five criteria for jumps and other tricks: difficulty, technical quality of execution, variety of tricks, height of jumps and general performance.

How to choose the right slackline

The Allround or Experience Slackline are a great choice for the first steps. If you want to walk longer lines (30m+) or high line, a 25mm wide line is to be preferred. For tricklining and jumping, a width between 30mm and 50mm will feel better than a narrow slackline.

How to setup a slackline

What is a slackliner?

A person who practices the sport of slacklining (= walking along a rope that is stretched above the ground between two points): This class is more technique-based, and covers advanced moves for experienced slackliners.

In order to play Boßeln correctly, you absolutely need the Boßeln rules. We have summarized these for you and explained them in detail so that there are no misunderstandings during the game.

History of bossing

The East Frisian national sport Boßeln and the closely related klootshooting are sports played in different parts of Europe. The goal is to throw a ball over a set distance in as few throws as possible. Boßeln is originally a team sport, practiced on open spaces such as fields and meadows, public roads and paved paths. There is also a version as an individual sport, where throwing distance is important.

Boßeln is very easy to learn and practice. Since the Boßeln rules are simple, this sport is popular with families, clubs, colleagues or friends. In some areas, this social activity is traditionally practiced as part of celebrations such as the cabbage ride, which is typical of the region.

Origin and organization

Boßeln originated in Klootshooting, which was intended for defense. Klootshooting involved throwing lumps of dried clover across a field in a showdown. Later, wooden balls filled with lead were used, which required a special throwing technique. When the sport moved from the field to the street and the playground equipment changed at the same time, Boßeln developed into a popular sport. However, the topography still poses special challenges. In northern Germany, a variant with long running routes and long curves dominates in mostly flat landscapes. On the southern slope of the Wiehengebirge, on the other hand, there are ups and downs and tight curves to overcome.

With the founding of the Frisian Klottschießerverband (FKV) around 1900, Boßeln received more and more attention and many clubs, Boßel classes and Boßelligen developed. This Frisian national sport is an integral part of the sporting and cultural activities in Germany. There have been national championships since 1999. The International Bowlplaying Association (IBA), founded in Holland in 1969, has held a European Championship every four years since 1980.

The boss ball

The game is played with rubber, lignum vitae or plastic balls called kloot. These balls differ in size and weight both regionally and depending on the discipline and age group. The East Frisian-Oldenburg wooden ball has a diameter of 58 millimeters and weighs 475 grams. In international competitions, the so-called Holland ball with a diameter of 65 millimeters and a weight of 300 grams is used for field combat according to the Boßeln rules.

The Boßeln Rules

The aim of Boßeln is to cover a set distance, usually 4 to 6 kilometers, with as few throws as possible. It can be a circuit or a route with a turning mark.

Two groups, each with 4 to 10 participants, compete against each other. The first player of a team throws the ball from a selected starting point. Then the first player of the other team throws. Each Boßler tries to throw the ball as far as possible. The throw is over when the Boßelkugel stays still. An ideal position is on the side of the road, a less ideal one in a ditch or in the bushes. The connection throw of the next Bossler in the team takes place from this point.

If the ball is off the road or off the course, the throwing point changes to the road – that’s how the Boßeln rules want it. To do this, you have to put the ball back on the road at a right angle.

The team whose ball is behind always throws first. At the end of the track there is a target line and the team that needs the fewest throws wins.

The throwing technique according to the Boßeln rules

When bowling, it is important to use the appropriate throwing technique for the course, which is similar to that of bowling. The stretched throwing arm is used to gain momentum while running from the back to the front, passing the hips under the hand. The Boßeln rules prohibit lifting over the shoulder as in handball. In competitions there is the spinning throw or round shot and the fleeing shot.

The technique of the spin throw is similar to discus throwing. Here the thrower takes a few steps with the throwing arm stretched out to the side, turns once around his own axis and then lets go of the kloot.
When fleeing, a small wooden ramp is used at the dropping point. The thrower takes a longer run-up and when jumping off the ramp there is also a slight 90-degree turning movement before the ball is released in an upward movement. This technique requires more practice and concentration.
On straight or clear stretches, it is possible to perform a powerful and powerful throw with a run-up. The cornering technique is more sophisticated and requires a more sensitive throw. In both cases it is crucial that the Kloot flies as far as possible before it comes to rest.

On straight stretches with a suitable surface, top athletes can throw a rubber ball for distances of 200 meters.

Bossel disciplines

Bossel competitions can take place all year round, outdoors or indoors. Traditionally, a distinction is made between field combat and standing combat, which have slightly different Boßeln rules.

In a field fight, two teams compete against each other on a field floor. Large field battles such as the traditional country comparison between East Friesland and Oldenburg are held when the ground is frozen through and very hard.
The single variant of the field fight is referred to as throwing the Holland ball.
In standing combat, the distance of a throw counts from a fixed release point. This discipline can also be held on sports fields or on Klootschießer’s own facilities.
In Weideboßeln, the Pockholter (wooden ball) is thrown from a fixed drop point over a long distance, similar to standing combat in Klootshooting. As the name suggests, it used to be thrown in pastures or fields.
The Hallenboßeln serves primarily to demonstrate the sport of Boßeln and above all in schools. Beginners are made familiar with the technique and the sequence of movements of street bowling.

Bossel variants

Boßeln is played in different variants in many parts of Europe. East Friesland and other Frisian and northern German areas as well as the provinces of Drenthe and Gelderland in the Netherlands are considered strongholds.

As Irish Road Bowling, the game is played in Ireland, Canada and the United States.
In the Spanish province of Zaragoza it is known as Tiro de bola aragonesa
as bocciaforte, boccia su strada, boccia alla lunga or boccetta su strada, ruzzola or ruzzolone) in Italy
as Krugeln in Huttwil in the Swiss canton of Bern.

Klootshooting

Regional differences are also expressed in different designations and their disciplines. In Ostfriesland and Oldenburg, a distinction is made between the original cloot shooting on the field and street boßeln, and there are different balls for this.

In the Netherlands, the sport is uniformly called Klootschieten. Schleswig-Holstein has decided to name both the field and the road disciplines in this way.

Kloatscheeten is a popular sport in the county of Bentheim and in directly adjacent parts of Emsland. The kloat is a rounded disc weighing between 380 and 450 grams, 40 to 45 millimeters thick and 70 to 80 millimeters in diameter. In the middle is a lead core. Technique and competition rules correspond to street bossing.

Indoor football is the variant of football that has been specially tailored to sports halls. The rules of the game are similar, but there are significant differences to field soccer. On the one hand, the playing surface and the playing teams are smaller. Instead of a side-line, there is a band boundary. In general, an indoor soccer game is much faster and scores more goals than field soccer. “Futsal” is the indoor football variant officially recognized and regulated by the world football association FIFA. For individual events, the tournament rules, especially in the amateur area or in the lower leagues, are adapted to the individual circumstances such as the size of the hall or the age of the players.

Playing field, ball, and goals

The size of the field roughly corresponds to a handball field and depends on the dimensions of the hall. A side wall or side wall and gate wall (all-round wall) that is at least one meter high and firmly anchored delimit the field of play. This is rectangular and marked with lines: Goal and touch lines should be drawn at least 1 meter away from the walls of the hall. A center line divides the field into two equal halves. A semicircle marks the penalty or goal area, the radius of which should be around six meters. The penalty mark is six meters from the center of the goal line. A second penalty mark is to be drawn 10 meters from the goal.

The goal size for futsal corresponds to handball goals with 3 by 2 meters. The goals must be anchored and must not tip over. Small soccer goals with a maximum of 5 x 2 meters can also be used in indoor soccer.

The match ball is a futsal ball, but a normal soccer ball or indoor soccer ball can also be used. This has a circumference of 68 to 70 centimetres, weighs between 410 and 450 grams and has an overpressure of 0.6 to 1.1 bar.

Team

A team normally consists of as many substitutes as there are on the field, i.e. up to twelve players. Two teams, each with five players and a goalkeeper, play against each other.

Only the players who are part of the game in question and a maximum of three other people are allowed to sit on the substitution bench. Players may also be changed on the fly in the area of ​​the marked transition zone. Substituted players can be substituted again.

Equipment

Players must wear playing attire: team shirts, shorts, athletic shoes. The jersey colors of one team must be clearly different from those of the other team. Any item of clothing or equipment that could be dangerous to him or another player, such as jewelry, is prohibited. The sports shoes are running shoes without cleats with abrasion-resistant soles. Playing without shoes is not permitted. Wearing shin guards is mandatory.

Indoor football rules

An indoor football match is usually twice 20 minutes and there is a half-time break with a half-time change.

Both teams are entitled to a one-minute time-out per half, which can only be used if the game is interrupted when they have possession of the ball.

The six players (one goalkeeper and five field players) per team and two referees move around the field.

All opposing players must be at least 3 meters away from the ball at kick-off and restarts such as a free kick, goal kick or penalty kick.

Instead of the throw-in, there is a kick-in in the hall. The ball must rest on the sidelines or up to a maximum of 25 centimeters outside the field of play. The opposing players must be five meters away.

The player has a maximum of four seconds to kick in from the time the referee clears it. The same applies to a corner kick.

The ball is in play as soon as it moves.

The offside rule is usually waived.

Fouls committed or direct free kicks per team are counted together. After the fifth foul in a half, there is a direct free kick for the opponent from the ten-meter penalty spot for each subsequent foul. No wall may be erected and the shooter must try to score in a direct way.

A penalty kick (after a foul in the penalty area) is taken from six meters away from the goal.

The player taking the shot must try to score a goal directly from the free kick. He is not allowed to play the ball.

In addition to the penalties available in field football, such as yellow and red cards, time penalties of around 2 minutes can be imposed for more serious fouls.

The number of players on a team may not be reduced to less than three players by personal penalties. If there are fewer than three players (including the goalkeeper), the game must be stopped.

Play-offs or games in tournaments that end in a draw are decided immediately by a penalty shoot-out.

Each club nominates 6 players for the penalty shoot-out, one of which must be the goalkeeper.

Are indoor soccer shoes required for indoor soccer?

Indoor soccer is usually played on artificial grass and turf. This game’s flooring is a lot softer than the ones used in futsal. Players playing indoor soccer need to use shoes that have cleats since they need more traction than when playing on a hard court.

Similar to volleyball, fistball is a racquet game in which two teams face each other on two hemispheres. The teams, each with five players, try to play a ball with their arm or fist out of the opponent’s reach into the other half field.

A net-like red and white band is stretched between two posts along the center line. With each play the ball must be played over this net. The height of the net band depends on the age group, it is a maximum of two meters. Neither the players nor the ball may touch the net or the posts during play as this will be considered a fault.

The aim is to hit the ball over the net in such a way that the opposing team cannot return it. A game continues until a team makes a mistake or the game is otherwise interrupted. Every mistake made by one team is counted as a point for the other team. In sets, the team that wins at least 2 sets wins. In a timed game, the team with the most good balls wins.

The origins of the game of fistball are obscure, but a similar game can be traced back to three centuries BC in southern Europe. This means fistball is one of the oldest sports in the world.

Before the First World War, fistball also spread in Germany as a recreational sport for gymnasts, but it was not pursued more seriously until after the Second World War. The International Fistball Federation (IFV) was founded in 1963. The first world championships were held in 1968, for women only from 1994 and there are continental fistball championships. Fistball is not an Olympic discipline, but has been part of the World Games for years.

Matchfield

Fistball can be played outdoors or indoors, so it’s not a seasonal sport. Outdoors on the sports field, the field size is 50 by 20 meters. In the hall, the marked handball field serves as a playing area with a size of 40 by 20 meters.

Indoor playing technique differs somewhat from that on grass, as the ball bounces more controlled indoors. In addition, in a sports hall, a player or ball touching a wall is counted as a fault. However, the ceiling may be touched, provided that this does not happen when the net tape is being played into the opponent’s field. In this case touching the ceiling counts as a fault.

3 meters from the center line or in front of the net tape is the service line or service line on both sides. It must not be touched during the serve. However, if the ball touches the line, it is not a fault and play continues. The referee zone is 12 by 6 meters in the middle on both edges of the playing area. The playing field also includes a run-off zone (8 meters to the rear, 6 meters to the sides), which is specially marked outdoors. In the hall, walls and grandstands form the boundary. The minimum requirement is one meter to the rear and half a meter to the sides.

The ball

A fistball is similar to a soccer ball or volleyball. It is hollow and filled with air and is 0.55 to 0.70 bar harder than a volleyball. There are balls with surfaces made of natural leather, plastic covers or with a rubberized surface. The circumference is 65 to 68 centimeters. The weight can be between 320 and 340 grams for women and between 350 and 370 grams for men. In youth competitions, the balls are lighter.

With an attack hit, a ball can reach up to 120 kilometers per hour. Care and preparation of the balls to make them harder or softer can also play a role in fistball. Each team has the right to put their own legal balls into play. The right to provide the game ball results from a lottery decision before the game and changes after each set.

Dress

The dress code is the same as for handball, indoor football or volleyball: jersey, shorts, running shoes. There are stricter rules for competitions: each team must appear in proper playing attire of the same shape and colour. The outer clothing can have long or short sleeves, playing in long trousers is generally not permitted. Shoes with stubble, metal spikes or spikes are also prohibited.

Teams

The teams consist of five players, where everyone occupies a fixed position. Although these may be swapped during the game, each player is usually a specialist in his or her fixed position. Each individual player also has to cover more space than in volleyball.

Typical team formations

The W-shape predominates in the field season with two players at the back and three people at the center line, the setter is front center. The disadvantage, the defense time of fast played balls is shorter.

The U-shape is the typical indoor setup and is also preferred at international tournaments. This has three players at the back and two at the front on the center line, the setter is at the back in the middle position. The disadvantage is that he always has to run forward to pass.

Substitutions may be made in any playing position, but only if the team in question has a service. Each team is allowed one time-out of 30 seconds per set.

Game rules

A fistball game is directed by a referee assisted by two line judges.

In a serve, the ball must go over the net into the opponent’s field and hit the ground once. The ball can be served as follows:

straight into the gap between the setter and the defender with full force

with a side cut so that the ball turns in between the attacker and the defender

heavily cut at the bottom and just behind the band into the opposing field

as a touchdown in front of the opponent’s legs

The opposing team can react to the serve with defence, a pass in their own field and an attack. In the case of a pass, the third player must play the ball back over the net into the opposing field.

The ball is allowed to bounce once on the ground before each player touches it, but only on the field of play. During a move, the ball may be touched by three different players, but the third player must play it back to the opponent over the band.

Fistball game technique

The basic principle of fistball is that a punch must be made with the fist. The fingertips must touch the palm and the thumb must be placed.

It also applies that a ball may only be played with the inside of the outstretched forearm, both when defending and passing. However, when attacking or giving, the ball is hit with the fist. Ball contact with an open palm or any part of the body other than the arm will be considered a fault.

The game is played based on points and sets. After the first set, the field, choice of ball and the first indication change. As soon as a team has scored 6 good balls, the field, choice of ball and the first entry change. The break between the individual sets is a maximum of 2 minutes, after each four sets a maximum of 10 minutes.

Playing time in sets

If playing by winning sets, a game is over as soon as one team has won 2, 3, 4 or at most 5 sets. The necessary number is specified in advance in the announcement or in the respective competition regulations. A set is usually won as soon as a team has scored 11 good balls, in addition there must be a difference of at least 2 good balls. However, each set ends when a team has scored 15 good balls. In the 1st Bundesliga for men, the game is played according to the Best of Nine principle.

Playing time in time game

Playing for time is widespread in the lower leagues and youth teams. There are two halves of 15 or 10 minutes with a change of ends in between. In this type of game, the team that scores the most good balls or points during the game wins. This form of play simplifies the organization of larger events and is still common in tournaments.

Errors and scoring

If one team makes a mistake, the other gets a point, regardless of which team served. The team that made the last mistake gets the next serve.

For example, it is considered an error

• The ball or a player touches the net tape or the posts.
• The ball touches the ground outside the field of play.
• The ball touches the ground two or more times in a row.
• The ball is played past the post or under the net into the opposing field.
• More than three players on a team touch the ball during a play before it is transported into the opponent’s half-court.
• The same player touches the ball for the second time in one play. If there are multiple touches, they must be different players.
• The serving player touches or crosses the 3-meter line or service line when serving.
• The ball touches any part of the body other than the upper arm, forearm or fist.
• The ball was touched with the open palm and thrown instead of being batted away.
• The ball touches the ceiling of the hall when it is passed to the opponent.
• The batsman crosses the service line (3-meter line) when serving. If the batsman takes a run-up, the first touch of the ground must also be behind the line immediately after touching the ball.

Snorkeling is a form of shallow water swimming and diving using a snorkel and diving goggles. The purpose of snorkeling is mostly underwater exploration, but snorkeling is also used for water rescue.

Snorkeling can be considered a special form of freediving, as no breathing apparatus is used. This technique is used in underwater rugby and underwater hockey or for underwater photography. Snorkeling is also good training for scuba diving.

Freediving or apnea by holding your breath, with or without a monofin, is the oldest and most original form of diving. Diving for the purpose of harvesting sponges or pearls dates back to 4500 BC. At the end of the 18th century the first helmet diving devices came into use. With the first practical diving equipment around 1950, scuba diving and snorkeling developed into leisure fun.

Snorkel Equipment

The basic equipment or the so-called ABC equipment consists of

diving mask pressure compensation mask with visor; unlike swimming goggles, these also cover the nose and should fit well and comfortably

• snorkel
• diving fins
• possibly diving suit and diving gloves in cold waters
• possibly lead to compensate for the buoyancy
• possibly inflatable snorkel vest for additional buoyancy

The maximum length of the snorkel is 35 centimeters. If the snorkel is too long, there is a risk of pendulum breathing. This means that no fresh air is supplied, but the exhaled air is inhaled again. Furthermore, a pressure difference can arise between the lungs and the surrounding tissue, which can lead to a circulatory collapse.

The basic requirement for snorkeling is that you can swim. When snorkeling, you swim on the water surface with a view of the water and breathe through the snorkel. Diving into deeper water is also part of snorkeling. Since water runs into the snorkel when diving, it is important to blow it out with a strong exhalation before inhaling. Some snorkels are equipped with a blow-off valve, which makes blowing out easier. There are also dry snorkels, which absorb little or no water when diving.

Since snorkeling is done in shallow water, protection from the strong sunlight is also recommended. There are also ultra-light and breathable UV shirts and UV shorts with UV protection of up to 300.

Snorkel Rules

• When buying ABC equipment, be sure to get advice from a specialist salesperson and make sure that everything fits perfectly.
• Find out more about the area where you want to snorkel or find a local dive and snorkel guide.
• Only go snorkeling if you are rested and physically fit.
• Beginners should definitely do their first snorkeling in a group.
• Be aware of the weather conditions and reschedule the dive if the weather is unstable or the waves are rough, as water can get into the snorkel very easily.
• Check your equipment before snorkeling. So that the diving goggles do not fog up, they should be rinsed out thoroughly beforehand. You can easily use spit for this or you can buy a suitable product in a specialist shop.
• While snorkeling, be actively aware of your surroundings and companions, weather changes, distance from cliffs and rocks, and not straying too far from shore or your companions.
• Refrain from taking souvenirs with you, do not touch shells, corals or sea creatures, for your own safety and to protect nature. Especially when snorkeling in the coral reef, care must be taken not to damage any of the corals with fin strikes.
• If you want to see the underwater world up close, you can dive. However, you should pay attention to the pressure difference, which is perceived as a slight pain in the ears and in the head. Close your nose with your index finger and thumb and blow air into the closed nose to equalize the pressure. When you surface, you can blow the water out of the snorkel with a powerful blow. Special diving snorkels are also commercially available.
• If you are struggling, debilitated, or otherwise unwell, be sure to let your companions know. Possibly stop snorkeling immediately.
• Do not leave any rubbish in the water or on the beach to protect nature.

Do you need to know how to swim to snorkel?

You don’t have to know how to swim to snorkel, but feeling comfortable in the water can make the experience much more relaxing and enjoyable. Non-swimmers can use floatation aids like snorkel vests to keep them afloat and snorkel in shallow areas where swimming is not required.

How does a snorkel work?

Snorkel masks cover your eyes and nose, so you can see underwater without it going up your nose. The snorkel is a flexible tube that allows you to breathe while you have your face in the water. You hold one end in your mouth and for air exchange to happen, the top of the tube has to poke out about the water’s surface.

How do you use a snorkel?

Which of the following indicates scuba diving or snorkeling activity?

Divers Flag: A red flag with a white diagonal stripe indicates that people are scuba diving or snorkeling underwater in the vicinity of the flag.

How to breathe while snorkeling

Is snorkeling hard?

But the truth is that while snorkeling is a very enjoyable and easy sport, without some basic skills, good equipment, and knowledge about the dangers and conditions of the ocean, a first time snorkeling experience can be a bit miserable, scary, and potentially dangerous .

How to clean snorkel gear

How to snorkel for beginners

Diving is a water sport in which the entire body is below the surface of the water. This requires certain skills or equipment and certain rules must be observed. Diving for the purpose of harvesting sponges or pearls dates back to 4500 BC. At the end of the 18th century the first helmet diving devices came into use.

Today’s practiced scuba diving was born in the 1950s thanks to the research and ingenuity of Hans Hass and Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who developed the first practical diving equipment.

This is why the sport of scuba diving evolved from freediving to scuba diving and through the first diving organizations to recreational sport.

Diving sports

Diving as a leisure activity can be divided into different sub-areas.

• Freediving or apnea by holding your breath, with or without a monofin, is the oldest and most original form of diving. In sports, a distinction is made between static time diving, distance diving or deep diving.
• Snorkeling is a special form of apnea diving in shallow water with a snorkel. This technique is used in underwater rugby and underwater hockey, but also in water rescue or underwater photography.
• Snorkeling is also good training for scuba diving.
• In scuba diving, or scuba diving, the diver uses a compressed air scuba or SCUBA or rebreather to stay underwater for several hours. Compressed air or nitrox is usually used as the breathing gas here.
• Oxygen or the compressed air-gas mixture has a toxic effect on the central nervous system at certain depths after a certain period of time. Therefore, scuba diving is limited to a maximum depth of 50 meters and a duration of around one hour. Dives that are too long and too deep can trigger what is known as decompression sickness when you ascend too quickly (decompression).
• Technical diving involves deeper and longer dives and goes beyond the usual recreational diving.
• During a single deep dive, the breathing gas mixture is changed several times. The divers go into the water with several bottles. Technical diving requires specific, advanced training.
• Ice diving is diving under a closed sheet of ice.
• Historical diving uses old diving technology, mainly helmet diving devices from 1900 to 1950.
• Cave diving is a particularly dangerous hobby, as many water-filled caves lack the ability to surface at short notice in dangerous situations.
• Orienteering is about fast and accurate diving as a competitive sport, similar to orienteering.
• Solo diving is done alone, i.e. without a buddy, so requires additional equipment and training.
• Underwater photography and underwater videography uses special cameras or waterproof housings for conventional cameras to take photos and videos underwater.
• Wreck diving is particularly aimed at exploring sunken shipwrecks.
• Educational diving is the generic term for the specially designed diving sport for disabled people and children as a form of therapy.

Diving equipment

The basic equipment or the so-called ABC equipment consists of

• diving mask pressure compensation mask with visor; unlike swimming goggles, these also cover the nose
• snorkel
• diving fins.

This ABC equipment is sufficient for snorkeling and apnea diving,

For all other types of scuba diving you need a compressed air diving device or scuba in addition to the ABC equipment.

Scuba Diving

For scuba diving, scuba diving and commercial diving, an open circuit compressed air scuba device, or scuba for short, is required. The abbreviation SCUBA stands for self contained underwater breathing apparatus.

Equipment for scuba diving consists of:

• one or more compressed air cylinders with compressed air or another breathing gas
• a breathing regulator to reduce the cylinder pressure to the respective ambient pressure via two stages connected in series. An inflator is also attached here to inflate and deflate the BCD and a pressure gauge to read the remaining tank pressure.
• an inflatable BC (Buoyancy Compensator) or BCD (Buoyancy Control Device) to regulate buoyancy
• a diving suit to protect against the cold, either wet suit or semi-dry suit made of neoprene or dry suit made of neoprene or rubber- or polyurethane-coated fabric
• Lead weights to compensate for the buoyancy of the diver and the diving equipment.
• Neoprene hood, diving gloves and booties
• Depth gauge, diver’s watch or dive computer, which is integrated and, in addition to the remaining no-decompression time, provides further information such as the maximum depth of the current dive and the current dive time.

Scuba equipment with devices should also include:

• a water and pressure resistant diving compass
• a diving knife or scissors to free a diver from fishing nets underwater
• Dive light for night diving, cave diving and wreck diving
• Surface signaling devices to call for help: whistles, flashing lights, buoys, mirrors or flares.
• Signaling and communication devices for underwater use: tank bangers and shakers, a metal can containing small pieces of metal or hammerhead horns for sounding signaling, or a plastic slate and permanent marker
• Diving rope, some with current or reef hooks
• diver flag

Harpoons are not permitted in scuba diving.

The buddy check

The buddy check is an important check before every dive to prevent diving accidents. Here the diver checks the equipment of his respective diving partner (buddy). This ensures that everything works properly and you also get to know the buddy’s equipment very well. Gestures that help with underwater communication can also be rehearsed here. A buddy check is not only for the safety of the diving buddy, but also for self-protection.

Diving rules

When it comes to diving, both written and unwritten rules should be observed. Beginners already learn these rules in their first diving course:

• Never dive alone!
• Do a buddy check before each dive
• Plan your dive thoroughly and dive according to this plan.
• Do not dive in areas or conditions where you do not have experience or training (wreck diving, cave diving, strong currents, etc.)
• Try new and unfamiliar pieces of equipment in a safe environment (preferably a swimming pool) before a dive.
• Limit your depth limit to 30 meters, the absolute depth limit for sport and recreational diving should be 40 meters.
• Avoid decompression dives
• Before diving in remote waters, leave messages with friends or family members so that someone knows where you are and what you intend to do.
• Never just dive into the blue unless you can see the dive site from above, especially when the current is prevailing.
• Dive calmly and carefully and enjoy the underwater world. Diving is not a sport where you try to get from A to B as quickly as possible.
• Breathe constantly and never hold your breath when diving with compressed air.
• Never breathe your scuba tank completely empty. 10 to 20 bar should always remain in the bottle to prevent water or moisture from penetrating.

How to dive ffxiv

When you are in a deep enough area to dive in FFXIV, press CTRL and the spacebar to swim underwater. On PlayStation consoles, press the circle button to swim underwater.

https://youtu.be/5IBTG5M3Nn8

What is a dive bar?

“According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the colloquial use of the word dive to describe a “drinking den” or “other disreputable place of resort” comes from the fact that these types of establishments were originally housed in cellars or basements, into which ” frequenters may ‘dive’ without observation.”

Does the size of the breath affect the dive response?

We concluded that at the two larger lung volumes both mechanical factors and input from pulmonary stretch receptors influenced the bradycardia and vasoconstriction, resulting in a nonlinear relationship between the breath-hold lung volume and magnitude of the diving response in the near-VC range.

What is scuba diving?

Scuba diving is an underwater swimming activity involving the use of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA).

How to dive in sekiro

The Mibu Breathing Technique is a latent skill, meaning players don’t have to manually equip it after unlocking it. Once they have it, they can visit any deep body of water and press the right bumper (R1 on PS4 and RB on Xbox One) to dive underwater and start swimming.

What is saturation diving?

Saturation diving allows professional divers to live and work at pressures greater than 50 msw (160 fsw) for days or weeks at a time, although lower pressures have been used for scientific work from underwater habitats. This type of diving allows for greater economy of work and enhanced safety for the divers.

Is dumpster diving illegal?

yes Dumpster diving is technically legal in all 50 states as long as it does not conflict with any city, county, or state ordinances. When a trash bag is sitting on the curb waiting to be picked up by a waste removal company, it becomes public domain.

Can you get in trouble for dumpster diving?

Dumpster diving on private property is illegal without permission from the owner of the building. Dumpster diving on private property may get you a ticket, or you could be arrested.

Is dumpster diving illegal in indiana?

It is illegal to dumpster dive on private property in Indiana unless the owner has given express permission. Additionally, commercial establishments may prohibit dumpster diving if they post no trespassing signs or take other appropriate measures to deter would-be scavengers from entering their premises.

Is dumpster diving illegal in Florida?

The Florida State Attorney General clarified the State’s law on dumpster diving. Specifically, “the act of dumpster diving in Florida is not illegal”. There are laws against trespass, littering, vandalism, and disorderly conduct that can bring criminal penalties during the process of dumpster diving.

Is dumpster diving illegal in Utah?

In Utah, dumpster diving is not illegal. Dumpster diving is, in fact, perfectly permitted in this state. You must, however, follow your state’s trespassing laws as well as the ordinances and statutes of the city or municipality.

How deep can humans dive?

The maximum depth reached by anyone in a single breath is 702 feet (213.9 metres) and this record was set in 2007 by Herbert Nitsch. He also holds the record for the deepest dive without oxygen – reaching a depth of 831 feet (253.2 metres) but he sustained a brain injury as he was ascending.

Is dumpster diving illegal in California?

Often scorned as unsafe or unsanitary, dumpster diving is legal in California, according to a 1988 Supreme Court ruling. But divers may be arrested or found if they trespass or litter.

Is dumpster diving illegal in Michigan?

Is Dumpster Diving Illegal in Michigan? Dumpster diving is not illegal in the state of Michigan. Dumpster diving is, in fact, perfectly legal in Michigan. However, you must keep an eye on your state’s trespassing rules and the city’s or municipality’s ordinances and laws.

Is dumpster diving legal in Massachusetts?

In Massachusetts, there are no laws preventing garbage diving. Dumpster diving is, in fact, perfectly permitted in this state. You must, however, follow your state’s trespassing laws as well as the ordinances and statutes of the city or municipality.

Darts, also known as Spicken, Spicker, or Spickern in southern Germany, is a game of skill. In this precision sport, arrows (darts) are thrown at a round disc, the so-called dartboard. Each player has three throws and tries to score as many hits and as many points as possible. There are several ways of counting the points, but only the files that get stuck in the disc trigger a scoring.

Although records from the 19th century suggest that darts originated in England, the name itself is French. Darts were originally small spear-like darts used as weapons in battle.

The sport of darts probably originated around 1860, in 1896 the dartboard came with divisions. In 1898, an American patented the first dart wings at the end of the shaft to stabilize flight behavior. The first sporting competitions took place in Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century.

Darts became more and more popular in the pubs as a game of skill in this country. Nowadays the electronic dart machines are common.

Dart target

The origin of the dartboard can be traced back to wagon wheels. Hence the division into segments with specific values, a hit in the middle (bull’s eye) always has the highest value.

The dartboard has 20 segments, ranked 1 through 20, clockwise starting at 12 o’clock:
20 – 1 – 18 – 4 – 13 – 6 – 10 – 15 – 2 – 17 – 3 – 19 – 7 – 16 – 8 – 11 – 14 – 9 – 12 – 5.
This arrangement requires accurate marksmanship from the player.

In the center there are two more fields, the green single bull (25 points) as a ring around the red bull’s eye (50 points). The bull’s eye has a diameter of 12.7 millimeters, the single bull measures 31.8 millimeters in diameter.

Double and triple rings

There are also two narrow rings with an inner dimension of 8 millimeters on the disc. If a player hits the ring on the outer edge (double), the number of points in the field immediately adjacent to the inside is doubled. The inner ring is the triple, which, when hit, triples the value of the square adjacent to the inside. The highest score of a throw is therefore not the bull’s eye, but the triple-20, i.e. 60 points if you hit the 20-point field in the triple ring.

The entire disc has a diameter of 45.1 centimeters. The center of the disc is 1.73 meters above the ground. The double ring covers an area with a diameter of 34 centimeters.

Material

A dartboard for steel darts consists of sisal fibers, cork or paper. The segments are separated by a mesh of wire along the segment boundaries. This wire construction is called “spider”. The dart board has small holes that plastic dart tips fit into.

Darts or Darts

The darts or darts consist of a tip, the barrel, the shaft (shaft) and the flight, narrow wings or leaves that give the dart flight stability. A distinction is made between steel darts and soft darts.

Steel darts

Steel darts have a metal tip, are up to 30.5 centimeters long and weigh around 50 grams. The barrel is usually made of a nickel-tungsten alloy for a high weight with a narrow arrow body. For a valid throw, the dart must remain in the dartboard until it is pulled out. A scorer (writer) notes the thrown points on a board and calculates the remaining score. The player himself should also count in order to know what to throw next. Steel darts games start with 501 points in singles and with 701 or even 1001 in teams. Each game must end with a double field.

Machine darts

With automatic darts, electronic darts or e-darts, darts with plastic tips are used. The weight is limited to 18 grams in order not to damage the machine, the maximum length is 16.8 centimeters. The throw counts when the machine registers it. The most popular slot games are 301, 501 and 701. The additions Double In, Double Out or Masters Out are possible.

Darts Rules

In all variants of the game, all players must stand behind the throwing line (oche) when throwing darts at the disc. This line is at least 8 feet from the dartboard and must not be crossed.

Each player has three darts to throw at the disc in quick succession. As always, only the arrows that get stuck in the board can score. Tournament mode starts at 501 or 301 and points are subtracted. Whoever gets to exactly 0 first wins. However, if no player manages to reach exactly 0 points after 20 changes, the player with the lowest number of points wins.

Game variants

The best-known and standardized variants relate to the end of the game or the beginning of the game:

• in the case of a straight out, any field may be hit to end the game
• in the case of a double out, a double field must be hit to end the game
• a master out is like a double out, plus a throw into a triple field counts as a way to end the game
• a double in means that you have to hit any double field at the beginning of the game for the thrown
• points to count
• With a triple in you have to hit any triple field at the beginning of the game, only then do the points
• thrown count
• These game variants can also be played as 701 on many machines, and there are other scoring

variants such as 180, 401, 601, 701, 801, 901, and 1001. The 701 and 1001 variants are common in tournament play.

However, there are countless other variants for the darts game in the hobby area; almost every restaurant has its own variants and modifications to offer. Some popular games are:

Tactics / Cricket / Mickey Mouse

In Tactics, Cricket or Mickey Mouse you have to hit the numbers from 20 to 10 and Bull three times each. It also applies regionally that the game is played until 11; 20 to 15 also applies to E-Darts. The outer ring of the bull (single bull) only counts once, the inner field (bullseye) counts twice or as a double. If a field has already been hit three times and another hit is achieved, the corresponding points are credited, provided that the opponent has not yet hit this field three times. The winner is the first to hit all squares three times and score the most points.

Shanghai

There are at least three variants of this game alone. The most popular is that you have to play the numbers on the disc in numerical order. Each player throws 20 to 21 darts, or 7 rounds of 3 throws, first on the 1, second on the 2, and so on. The points scored (single, double or triple) are added up. The game is played until 20 or until the bull(s eye)

In another variant, each player throws at the 1 until it is hit, and only then at the next higher number. Typically, this game lasts 7 rounds or 21 throws. In both cases, Single, Double and Triple count on different consecutive numbers. If a player hits a single, a double and a triple of a number, it is called Shanghai. Whoever throws a Shanghai, regardless of the number, wins the game prematurely.

Around the clock

The players take turns throwing at the disc and first you have to hit the 1, then the 2 with an arrow. If you hit the double field of a number, you can skip the next number. In the triple field you can skip 2 numbers. The first player to reach and hit 20 wins. Bull and Bull’s Eye are used as jokers to be able to throw on the next number. In one variation of the game, doubles and triples are worth their true value, so a triple 4 is 12 points and the player is allowed to continue on 13.

A popular variant is counting down, i.e. beginning at 20 to 1, sometimes with a final in the bull’s eye. There are also variations that ignore double and triple hits and count them as single hits.

Double Down 41 or Half It

Each player starts with a score of 41. The goal is to hit as many points as possible in the given segment. In the first round, the 20 is thrown and each hit, including double and triple, is added up accordingly. In the 2nd round it is the turn of 19, then a double field, then 18, then 17, then a triple field, then 16 and 15. In the penultimate round each player must score exactly 41 points with 3 throwing darts. If a player does not hit the round target with any darts in a round, their score is halved. Bull is thrown in the last round and the player with the most points at the end wins.

Dart tournaments

There are darts world championships and the umbrella organization World Darts Federation (WDF) includes over 60 countries. In Germany steel darts is organized in local clubs and state leagues as well as leagues independent of associations. The state associations in the umbrella organization of the German Darts Association (DDV) regularly organize ranking tournaments at state and federal level. Every year there are also three WDF world ranking tournaments in Germany. In addition to the WDF, there has been the PDC, the Professional Darts Corporation, as a pure professional league since 1992. The German Darts Corporation (PDC Europe) represents the interests of the PDC in the German-speaking area and has been organizing its own tournament series since 2007.

As in steel darts, soft darts have different game variants, which depend on the league and sometimes differ greatly from one another

The following applies in the DSAB leagues:

• C-League 301 Single Out
• B-League 301 or 501 Master Out (Double OR Triple to end the leg)
• A-League and above 501 Double Out

Is darts a sport?

Yes. It was recognized as such by the German Olympic Committee.

Why can darts be considered a sport?

According to the admission criteria of the DOS, it has, among other things, a “sport-determining motor activity”, no “thinking, handicraft or model building activities” or “training of animals”, does not require any technical equipment, allows fair play and equal opportunities, has at least 10,000 active players in 8 out of 16 German federal states.

Is allowed an Olympic discipline?

No, so far it has only been recognized as a sport by the German Olympic Committee, but not as an Olympic sport until now.

How much does a dart weigh?

That depends entirely on the model: it is usually between 16 and 26 grams. With steel darts it can also be up to 50 grams.

How much distance must there be between the dartboard and the player?

That depends on the dart variant you want to play. The steel dart is 2.37 meters, the soft dart 2.44 meters.

What is oche?

The “oche” is the standing bar that is located at the point of the minimum throwing distance.

How high is the dartboard?

The center of the disc must always be 1.73 meters.

The six-day race has a long tradition in cycling and is one of the most important competitions in professional track cycling. In 1875 the first 6-day race took place in Birmingham, UK and in 1879 the first in the USA. Individual drivers contested these races around the clock over six days. Races with two drivers taking turns were introduced in New York in 1899. The first 6-day race in continental Europe took place in Berlin in 1909. Nowadays, only six-day races are common in two cities in German-speaking countries, in Bremen and in Berlin.

This event consists of a variety of bike races and an entertaining supporting program. Over the six-day period, there are various competitions for men and women, individual and teams. The main competition in the 6-day race is the two-man team drive, also known internationally as Madison or Americaine. The first race with teams of two took place in New York’s Madison Square Garden, which is why the international name Madison is used. This track cycling discipline has been part of the World Championship program since 1995.

Six Day Race Rules

Since it was left up to the organizers for a long time to determine the rules according to which a 6-day race was held, uniform rules specified by the world cycling association Union Cycliste Internationale or UCI have only existed since 2007. These include anti-doping rules and stipulate that a six-day race must consist of at least 24 hours of racing, i.e. an average of four hours per race day. The content of this program of different track cycling competitions may vary in sequence and combination depending on the venue.

The program usually includes sprint and stayer races, competitions for women, for U23 drivers (UIV Cup), for juniors and for paracyclists. Since 2007 there have also been UCI points for U23s, juniors and women, which has upgraded the six-day races in terms of sport.

The 6-day race track

A track in the cycling arena consists of two parallel straights that are connected by two more or less ascending curves. These racetracks are made of either concrete or wood. In the open stadiums, these are mainly concrete tracks, in halls or covered tracks mostly wooden tracks. They can be of different lengths, there are tracks with a length of 200, 250 or 333.3 meters. On such routes, drivers can reach speeds of up to 70 kilometers per hour.

Equipment

The equipment for the track racing bikes is defined by UCI rules and reduced to the technical minimum.

Wheels

The track wheels must be stabilized for the special conditions and forces involved in acceleration, changes of direction and in curves. Track bikes therefore have neither a freewheel nor a brake (fixed gear). This keeps you under steering control at high speeds and in tight conditions on the track. The bottom bracket is raised a few centimeters compared to road bikes to prevent the pedals from hitting the track.

When it comes to the material for the bike, the professionals nowadays mainly rely on carbon. The classic steel frame or the material aluminum has almost had its day. Carbon fiber bicycles are glued together from wafer-thin fibers and are therefore particularly tear-resistant with a low weight. Then there are the flowing, organic forms.

Saddle

The saddle is comfortable and well padded, but built narrow to prevent chafing and support the rider’s stretched riding position.

Tires

The tires have to withstand special requirements in a six-day race, unlike tires for the road. The standard is the lowest possible rolling resistance and up to 15 bar inflated. The guideline for the tire carcass is the number of woven threads per square inch. The higher the number, the thinner the threads and the lower the rolling resistance. For a long time, 165 thread count was considered the measure of all things, but now there are also tires with 290 threads over an inch and a half.

Additional equipment

In order to reduce air resistance when driving, professionals also use special wheels (disc rear wheels and high-profile rims).

Clothing

The biggest hurdle in cycling is wind resistance, which requires a rider to use around 90 percent of their strength to overcome. Streamlined jerseys and cycling shorts made from material that is as close-fitting as possible and overshoes made from Lycra fabric help. In addition, there is a special aerodynamic helmet or aero helmet. Many drivers also wear aerodynamic goggles.

The individual races usually bear the names of sponsors. For the team competition, two riders wear jerseys of the same color with identical numbers, one in red and one in black. It also happens that the teams bear the name of a sponsor.

Competitions

Big Hunt and Little Hunt

The Great Hunt and Small Hunt are the most important races for overall victory for a team. In the event of a tie, the additional points won will decide at the end.

The Great Hunt (or Madison) is traditionally the central element in a Six Day race where the crucial lap wins are made. All drivers are on the track at the same time. The partners of a team regularly take turns with the slingshot, when the drivers decide themselves. The big hunt usually lasts 45 minutes, a final hunt can last 60 minutes.
The Little Hunt is played under Madison Rules but over 30 minutes or a specified number of rounds (100 rounds). Important round wins and placement points can be achieved here.

Derny race

Named after the inventor Francois Derny, it is a slipstream race where up to 60 kilometers per hour can be achieved. Here the professional cyclists ride in the slipstream of a 7 hp lightweight motorbike with an additional pedal drive as a pacemaker. For the necessary synchronism, the pacemaker has to actuate a pedal drive that is connected to the rear axle by a rigid gear. The racer following the derny has a power saving of 30 to 40 percent in the slipstream.

Classification race

Elimination race Americaine
In this elimination race, the 24 professional drivers start flying together. After two laps, the driver who crosses the finish line last is eliminated, with the rear wheel being decisive. The driver who does not drop out is the winner.
team elimination
All twelve teams start the race. After five rounds, the last team is eliminated. The team that is not eliminated is the winner.

Lap record driving

• The teams start one after the other and drive five laps each. In the last lap, the potentially faster man
• gets a little extra momentum from his partner and races for the best time.
• 500m time trial
• In a fight against the clock, all professional teams race one after the other for the best time over three laps or 500 meters.

Sprint competitions

The sprinter field consists of six drivers who compete in the sprint, team sprint, keirin and lap record driving competitions.

• sprint

In the sprint, there is a scoring round every five rounds in the points race. The first four drivers receive 5 points, 3 points, 2 points and 1 point. The sprint in the last lap is rewarded with double points. If a driver manages to lap the field, 20 points are awarded.

• team sprint
  In the team sprint, three drivers form a team and the front one is eliminated after two laps. The race has a total of six laps and the sprinters drive at maximum speed right from the start.
• keirin
  Here, six sprinters compete against each other, with the pace being accelerated to up to 50 kilometers per hour in the first laps by a pacemaker, an e-bike or a derny. If the pacemaker leaves the track, the sprinters start the actual final fight.
• Lap record driving or 166 meter time trial
  In this sprint competition, athletes complete four laps of the balustrade to pick up speed. The fifth round is then decisive.
• La Ola Sprint
  To entertain the audience, organizers can also come up with special competitions. In this variant, all 24 drivers start one after the other on the top track and cheer on the audience to a La Ola wave. After 20 laps, all drivers finally sprint for victory.

Women cycling

Women’s races are held in the disciplines scratch, derny, points and elimination driving. All riders are single starters in these disciplines.

Scratch

Scratch is a one-on-one flying start over a set course. The driver who has completed the most laps wins. In the event of a tie, the finish in the final sprint decides.

Sprint and points race

In the women’s points race, there is a sprint for 5, 3, 2 and one point every ten laps in a total of five classifications. If a driver manages to lap the field, she receives 20 points. The winner is whoever has the most points at the end.

Since 2018, women, like their male colleagues, have also been competing in two-person team driving, the so-called Madison or the Great Hunt. This competition and the elimination process are the same as for the male drivers.

U23 Cup

The regulations for the U23 riders correspond to those of the Madison with teams of two, with the races lasting 45 minutes twice and 60 minutes once. In addition, there is usually a derny race and a points race.

U19 Cup

The twelve junior teams contest mostly Madison races over 30 minutes and over 45 minutes.

Paracycling

Paracyclers, i.e. cyclists with a physical impairment, usually compete against each other in a 2000 meter pursuit race.

Scores

The number of points to be won in the individual competitions is stipulated in the regulations of the world cycling association UCI.

• Sprints: 5, 3, 2, 1 points; double the number of points with a maximum of six sprints in the final hour of the six-day race
• Team Events (Madison, Team Elimination, Team Time Trial): 20, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 points.
• Individual competitions (points driving, elimination driving, lap record driving,
• Derny race, scratch, keirin): 10, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 points.
• If not all teams can participate in a heat, the score is between 15, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 in team competitions and 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points in individual competitions.

Additional lap wins can also be achieved in the chases by lapping the entire field of drivers. The winner is the team with the most points in the zero round, so winning a round has priority over winning a point. If teams are in the lead in the same round (the so-called zero round), the team with the most points wins.
According to the UCI regulations for six-day races, additional lap wins are paid for every 100 points.