Discus throwing is one of the oldest sports in the world, dating back to the 8th century BC. Even in ancient Greece, athletes competed in this discipline with the aim of throwing the discus as far as possible. While the ancient discus discs were made of stone or bronze, today wood or metal cores are used with a metal ring. However, the throwing technique has remained the same, a complex turning technique that you have to carry out exactly, which unfortunately is not easy to learn and, above all, to perfect. Many top discus throwers only reach their best from the age of 30.
Discus throwing has been a discipline at the first Olympic Games since 1896, and women have also been allowed to participate since 1928. Discus throwing is still one of the disciplines of modern athletics in the throw group, alongside hammer throw, javelin throw and shot put.
Rules Discus Throw and Equipment
The aim of this sport is to throw the discus as far as possible. The athlete must remain in a drop zone with a diameter of 2.5 meters. For a powerful release, the athlete takes maximum momentum within the release zone to let the disc come up within the marked landing zone.
With the founding of the International Athletics Federation IAAF in 1912, rules for the discus throw could be recorded in detail for the first time. Today such a competition consists of six attempts and only the best valid distance of an athlete counts. According to the rules for discus throw, the best eight athletes qualify for the three final rounds after three rounds.
Sportswear
Jersey, shorts and sports shoes are common equipment for a discus thrower. The shoes do not have spikes, but a flexible sole that offers good grip on the throwing circle. Slipping can result in a fall and injury. These shoes are usually made of suede or another type of leather.
Diskus
Rules discus throw according to the IAAF rules:
Women
men
weight
1 kg
2kg
diameter
18 cm
22 cm
Height
3.7 to 3.9 cm
4.4 to 4.6 cm
The material can be plastic, wood or rubber without a frame. A competition discus has a steel or brass frame so that the impact does not damage the edges of the disc.
In addition, a discus has a metal insert on both sides in the middle with a diameter of 5 to 5.7 centimeters and a radius of about 0.6 centimeters. Modern devices are often made of carbon fibers or other composite materials and their flight characteristics are optimized with the help of computers.
The mass distribution plays a major role. Most of the mass (between 70 and up to 92 percent) is relocated to the enclosing ring. However, the discus must be symmetrical, the top must not differ from the bottom. The larger the mass fraction in the outer ring, the higher the self-rotation.
The throwing technique
Discus throw technique involves momentum, power, explosiveness at the end of the throw, coordination, and proper flight angle.
A discus throw consists of rotating 1.5 times around its own axis before throwing to accelerate. This fluid-looking rotary movement can be divided into different phases:
Holding the discus with the last phalanges, center of gravity between index and middle fingers. With a slight wrist flexion, the upper edge of the disc touches the forearm.
The starting position for the athlete is with his back to the throwing direction and he stands at the back edge of the circle with his legs a little over shoulder width apart. The arm with the disc hangs loosely at the side of the body.
The swing brings the discus with the throwing arm stretched as far to the right as possible, slightly above shoulder height. The upper body remains upright.
The purpose of the rotation is to accelerate the disc as far as possible by twisting the body. As soon as the front of the body points in the direction of the throw, the left foot lifts off the ground for the flight phase. This creates a movement where the thrower moves forward and spins at the same time.
The landing of the legs before the throw occurs in quick succession and the back of the throwing hand is constantly pointing upwards.
Balanced throwing is important so that the thrower’s power can be fully transferred to the discus. The arm with the discus is still far behind the body until the throw. The upper body is upright, the left side of the body forms a straight line from foot to shoulder. The torsion of the right side of the body and its tension must be maintained and is only released in the release.
The throwing movement is carried out with a long throwing arm at shoulder height. A jump throw briefly has both legs in the air. When throwing, the back of the hand points upwards and the discus rolls over the index finger. The rotation gives the discus flight stability.
In this position, the back leg begins the explosive twist-extend movement that brings the right hip and right shoulder forward. When the body weight comes over the left leg, the pelvis and shoulder axis move in the direction of the throw.
The release is supported by the stretching movement of both legs. For a moment, both legs are in the air during the jump release and the force impulse goes in a straight line in the direction of the throw.
The body momentum is caught during the support throw by jumping over the legs, but only when the device has left the throwing hand. In the jump shot, after leaving the discus, another spin is made in the air to shift the body weight to the center of the ring.
Such a complex process means susceptibility to errors, so every athlete should be mentally strengthened and fully concentrated in the competition.
A good sense of balance and direction are essential in this sport, as is regular exercise.
The playing field
The discus field consists of a throwing circle, a cage and a landing zone. The discus must land in a marked circle sector. Its side borders have an angle of 34.92 degrees and its apex is in the center of the throwing circle.
The Throwing Circle
The throwing circle is 2.5 meters in diameter with a ring that is approximately 0.6 centimeters thick and 0.7 to 0.8 centimeters high. The ring is white and usually made of metal, the base of the throwing circle is made of concrete or a similar non-slip material. On both sides there is a line marking at least 70 centimeters long, perpendicular to the throwing direction. A discus thrower must exit backwards and to the left or right of these lines after the throw. If a thrower touches or crosses a line, the throw is void.
The Litter Cage
Behind and on the sides of the throwing ring is a 4 meter high, solid metal grid or a stretched U-shaped net. This so-called throwing cage is only about 6 meters wide towards the throwing sector. In this way, other people and technical systems are protected from incorrect throws. It can happen that an athlete releases the discus too early or too late and the throwing cage catches the discus.
The landing zone
From the center of the throwing circle, the landing zone extends at a 34.92 degree angle forward of the cage opening for a total of 80 meters. The discus must land in this zone for a valid throw.
Competition procedure
In a regular competition, there are six attempts to throw the discus as far as possible in a given sector. The respective best distance is counted for the respective discus thrower. After the first three attempts, the top eight athletes qualify for the final. In the final there are three throws each and the fourth and fifth attempts are in the reverse order of the standings after the first three attempts. In the final run, the order is rearranged from last to first after the five attempts.
Discus Throw Rules: Invalid throws
A discus throw is considered void if:
the sportsman leaves the circle after a throw forward
the upper edge of the throwing ring or the ground outside the circle is touched during the attempt (exception: if the touch occurs without pushing the trigger only during the first turn, it is not a failed attempt)
the discus does not come up first in the sector
the preparation time for the throw is exceeded
the athlete leaves the circle before the disc touches the ground
the attempt is not started from the rest position.
World records in discus throwing
In the men’s category, a German holds the current world record of 74.08 metres, thrown by Jürgen Schult in 1986. In the women’s category, a German is also undefeated: Gabriele Reinsch holds the world record with 76.8 metres.
The women’s record is therefore a longer distance than that of the men, which is due to the different discus weights.
How does discus throw?
At the reversal point of the discus, both arms are brought to shoulder height as required and the torso and hips are pre-tensioned. The throwing arm is led far to the back (see picture 1). The right foot remains standing and thus slows down the swing.
How heavy is the men’s discus throw?
Men throw at competitions with a 2 kg disc, women with 1 kg. For children and young people there are already models from 0.75 kg.
When is a discus throw illegal?
A discus throw is considered void if:
the sportsman leaves the circle after a throw forward. the upper edge of the throwing ring or the ground outside the circle is touched during the attempt (exception: if the touch occurs without pushing the trigger only during the first turn, it is not a failed attempt)
What is the world record in discus throwing?
Jürgen Schult’s world record since 1986 has been 74.08 m, thrown at the peak of GDR state doping. Harting’s personal best has been 68.37m since throwing gold at the Brazil Games when he crowned himself successor to his brother Robert Harting in the last attempt.
How heavy is an Olympia discus?
The discus throw was a discipline at the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. At that time, throwing took place from a pedestal measuring 60 by 70 cm. Since 1907 the men have been throwing a circular disc weighing 2 kg and having a diameter of 22 cm. The women’s discus weighs half that.
How far does a discus fly?
If the thrower hurls the discus out of the ring at 25 meters per second – which corresponds to ninety kilometers per hour – this enables him to throw seventy meters.
How is discus throw distance measured?
As can already be seen from the heading, the throwing distance is not determined directly, but indirectly. In addition to a computer, you also need an instrument (electro-optical tachymeter) with which you can measure angles and distances, as well as a reflector (mirrored prism).
How fast does a discus fly?
With a quick one-and-a-half turn, the thrower achieves a throwing speed of the discus of around 25 meters per second. That’s 90 things. About as fast as a gazelle. If you are right-handed, the discus then rotates out of your hand using your index finger and rotates clockwise in flight.
Are you looking for a cool game that “not everyone” plays? Then you’re definitely on the right track with the sports game “Hofshoe Throwing”, because even if many know the fun from hearsay, it ekes out a life in the background of the game world. Is that justified? We asked ourselves that too and not only explain the game to you here, but have also compiled other exciting information that will surprise you.
This is how you play horseshoe throwing
If you play for yourself privately, you have the freedom to choose how you design your game and scoring system.
Get the game started
You need at least two players or teams to compete against each other. How many players or teams participate is up to you. The more participants, the longer and more exciting the horseshoe throwing will be.
Gameplay
The rules are relatively simple: Whoever has a turn throws the horseshoe around a metal rod and tries to score as many points as possible. You take turns playing.
Points
A horseshoe that lands on the staff is worth three points. If both throwers throw such a “ringer” at the same time, there is no scoring. On each round, the horseshoe scored on the
closest to the staff, one point.
Everything comes to an end
Whoever reaches 21 points first wins.
THIS is what you should know about horseshoe throwing
Even if you don’t want to believe it: there is a German championship in horseshoe throwing.
Following the example of the American field workers, who carried out the horseshoe throwing as a small competition, country and western fans adopted it in order to feel as “belonging” as possible. In various regions it is an integral part of club sport and is trained and held in two disciplines. Qualifying competitions are held within the clubs in order to then send the beaming winners to the championship.
German discipline vs. American discipline
In Germany, the female participants throw on an equal footing with the male from the same distance. Both groups are 9 meters, while the American discipline is 8.27 meters for the women and 11.27 meters for the men.
What is the object of the game horseshoes?
The object of the game is to score points. Points are scored by throwing your horseshoes close to the stake.
How do you throw a horseshoe for beginners?
How do you score points in horseshoes?
If you get a horseshoe around a stake, you earn three points. If your horseshoe leans against the stake but doesn’t encircle it, you earn one point. Any other horseshoe that lands within six inches of a stake also earns one point.
What’s the best way to throw a horseshoe?
Where do you stand when pitching horseshoes?
Always pitch from the same side of the stake at both ends of the court, i.e., if you stand to the left of the stake at the south end of the court, stand on the left at the north end. One of the most popular methods of stance is with the left foot six or eight inches back of the right.
How many horseshoes do you throw?
Horseshoes is a lawn game played between two people (or two teams of two people) using four horseshoes and two throwing targets (stakes) set in a lawn or sandbox area. The game is played by the players alternating turns tossing horseshoes at stakes in the ground, which are traditionally placed 40 feet (12 m) apart.
How do you flip a horseshoe?
What is a ringer breaker on a horseshoe?
The ringer beaker causes the horseshoe to spin when hitting the stake which stops the horseshoe from bouncing off. Pitching ringers is hard enough the last thing you want is for it to bounce back off.
How far apart are the stakes in horseshoes?
Stakes are placed 40 feet apart. 2. Stakes should extend 14 to 15 inches above the pit surface.
American football or football comes from the United States and is the most popular variant of the so-called gridiron football sports. Therefore, all technical terms related to this sport are kept in English. Despite some parallels, this ball sport has very little to do with football, which is popular in Europe. American football is more closely related to rugby and Canadian football.
Fundamentals
The basic idea of American football is to gain space on the limited field. There are two teams of eleven players each trying to score the most points in a game. A game consists of four quarters of 12 or 15 minutes.
Points can be scored in different numbers in different ways in the game, for example by bringing the cue ball into the opponent’s end zone. The attacking team (offense) can throw the ball (passing) or run (rushing, running) into the opposing area and score there with a touchdown or a so-called field goal. The offense has four attempts to gain at least ten yards.
The defending team (defense) must at least prevent the offense from doing so or gain possession of the ball. If the offense manages to attack, it gets four new tries. If the ball goes to the defense, the offense loses the right to attack the opponents. If the defense can push the attackers back into their own end zone, there are also points. At the end of the game, the team with the most points wins.
Origin and rules
First played in 1869, this sport was initially only available at universities such as Princeton, Harvard and Yale. Until about 1920 and the formation of the National Football League (NFL), American football was considered college football, organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
However, at that time the rules did not include protection for the players and there was no protective clothing. When American football claimed 18 lives in 1905, new rules and security measures came into use on the initiative of US President Theodore Roosevelt. The current set of rules can be traced back to 1912 and is modified almost every year.
There are also slightly different rules in the different American football organizations. In the amateur field and in the world association International Federation of American Football (IFAF), the so-called NCAA rules apply. However, the US professional league National Football League (NFL) has partially different rules. In Europe, too, the specifications usually differ somewhat, as many games take place on football pitches.
In 1932 there was a demonstration of American football at the Olympics. However, it wasn’t until 2013 before the International Olympic Committee recognized American football as a sport.
NFC, AFC, and Super Bowl
There are 32 teams in this highest US American football league. These are divided into the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). In preparation for the actual season, in the so-called preseason, only test matches are played. The regular season after that lasts 17 weeks. During that time, each team plays 16 times to qualify for the playoffs.
Only the best teams make it to the playoffs, the knockout stages of American football. In the play-offs, the four division winners and two other best teams from each conference, the so-called wildcard teams, compete against each other.
The respective champions of the AFC and NFC, more precisely the two winners from the finals of the NFC Conference and AFC Conferencem contest the final (Super Bowl).
American football elements
Matchfield
The American football field is 100 yards long and 53.3 yards wide. Since a yard is about 90 centimeters, the actual field between the goal lines is about 91.4 by 48.7 meters. The ground in the stadiums consists of artificial or natural grass; Chalk lines mark the zones and yards.
The end zones behind the goal lines are each 10 yards long and have cross lines drawn in every five yards. Here a player can score 6 points with a touchdown. At the end of the field are the goalposts through which a kicker must hit the ball. So-called hashmarks and sidelines form the lateral markings of the yards. Before the start of the game and during breaks, the team and trainer (coach) must be in the specially marked team zone outside the field (bench area).
Game time
The playing time in American football is 4 times 15 minutes with a change of sides after the first and third quarters (quarters). In amateur sports there are also games with 4 times 12 minutes. This is net playing time with no possibility of overtime. Whenever the game is interrupted, the time is also stopped.
The goal
The goal in American football looks like a giant tuning fork. A crossbar is mounted on a post 10 feet above the ground. The two tuning fork rods are 30 feet high. A red flag is placed at the top of the post for better orientation. The kicker kicks the ball with the aim of hitting it right through the tuning fork.
The distance between the two vertical bars differs again depending on the division. In the major leagues it’s 18 feet and 6 inches, in the minor leagues it’s 23 feet and 4 inches.
The ball
The ball resembles a rugby ball in its egg shape, the material can be leather, rubber or simple plastic. Real leather footballs used in the NFL are the most expensive.
Balls made of rubber or plastic dominate in amateur sports. The egg shape is for practical reasons, as balls like this are easier to catch and hold in your hands.
The players’ equipment
The standard equipment for players consists of
Nylon or spandex football jersey with enough space for the padding. The jerseys must completely cover any protective equipment.
Football shorts made of nylon or elastane: They reach below the knee and have pockets in which additional padding, for example to protect the tailbone, can be inserted (five-pocket shorts).
Football helmet with grid-shaped face mask (face mask) and mouth guard: The helmets used to be made of leather, today they are made of sturdy plastic; the face shield can be made of metal or plastic. A thin belt under the chin keeps the helmet in place.
Belt
Gloves with padding and sticky palms for better grip to better catch the ball.
Shoulder pads with neck protection protect the player’s chest, back and shoulders against injuries in the event of a collision.
Thigh pads and knee pads: Like the shoulder pads, these are a few millimeters thick to protect particularly sensitive areas from injury.
Socks: These must cover the entire leg and be in contact with the pants.
Football shoes with pimples
American football terminology
Since the origins of the game are in the English-speaking world, you should learn the English terminology for player positions, gameplay and moves.
Audible is an order from the quarterback calling the next play
Backs are all players who are not directly on the line of scrimmage, but slightly behind it.
Backup is a substitute player who is in the bench area.
Backfield: All off-line offensive players are in the backfield. Here is also the fixed position of the quarterback.
Blind Side: The side of the offense that the quarterback is turning away from. Right-handers have their blind side on the left.
Blind Side Hit: A successful tackle by the quarterback from his blind side. The strongest lineman on offense must protect this side above all.
Blitz is a defensive play. She tries to get through to the opposing quarterback by adding linebackers and defensive backs
Blocking is the legal act of putting an opponent in the way
Center is an important position on the offensive line to protect the quarterback
Challenge: If the coach disagrees with a referee’s decision, he may request video evidence.
Chain Crew displays the line to gain on the side of the field and the line of scrimmage.
Complete Pass is a lawful toss of the ball from one team member to another.
Cornerback is a defensive position.
Dead Ball: When a ball is no longer in play, it is referred to as a dead ball.
Defense tries at the beginning of a play to prevent the offense from winning a point. It’s the team that doesn’t have possession of the ball.
Defensive Line is the first line of defense consisting of the defenders
Defensive tackles and defensive ends. The goal is to attack the quarterback directly.
Down is a play.
Down by contact means that the player with the ball was brought down by an opponent, ending the play.
Draw is a play: The quarterback fakes a pass and instead passes the ball to the running back or runs to the opposing end zone himself.
Drive: A summary of all moves or the entire attack series
The end zones are the two areas at the end of the field.
Extra point: But reaching the zone and the touchdown is not enough. Each team has the opportunity to kick directly from the 15-yard line through the two goalposts. Then his team also gets an extra point.
Facemask is not only the grille on the helmet, but also a foul. A player grabs the grid of another player.
Fair Catch: A sign of a player not wanting to run forward before catching a punt. So it is not allowed to attack this player. However, if the ball is not caught, it is free and can be picked up.
Fair Catch Kick: If the player succeeds with his fair catch, his team is allowed to attempt a field goal with the defense a full 10 yards away.
Field goal is kicking the ball through the goal posts, which scores three points
First down is the attacking team’s first attempt at a play
Formation is the formation of a team. An illegal formation is when there are fewer than seven offensive players at the line of scrimmage when the snap occurs.
Forward Pass is a forward pass that can only be performed once per turn.
Fourth Down: The fourth and final attempt by the offense and if no point is scored, possession changes.
Fumble happens when the ball falls out of the hands of the player with the ball. The ball is free and can be captured by either team.
Goalline: The dividing line between the end zone and the rest of the field.
Guards are players on the offensive linemen.
Hand-off is passing the ball without a pass.
Haily Mary: A very long pass to the end zone, which is also caught. If the team is behind on the ball, this is their last chance to get back into the game.
Handoff: In this play, the ball is handed over and not thrown.
Holding: If a player without the ball is held by his opponent, this is equivalent to a foul. Only the player with the ball may be stopped.
Huddle is the gathering of players on the field before a turn.
Incomplete pass occurs when the receiver loses the ball with their feet out of bounds or the ball otherwise touches the ground.
Interception is the catching of a ball by a defender.
Lateral pass is a cross pass that can be thrown as often as you like.
Line of scrimmage is the line from which each play begins. It always runs where the ball-carrying player was last brought down. This line is displayed by the chain crew.
Line to Gain: This approximately 10-yard distance must be covered for the attacking team to be awarded a first down again. This line is displayed by the chain crew.
Live Ball is a ball that is still in play and teams can compete for it.
Man in motion is the offense player who is the only one allowed to move in front of the line.
Muff: The ball is not caught after a punt, but only touched lightly and is then free again.
Offense is the attacking team.
Offensive Linemen: These five players are directly in front of the quarterback: centers, guards, and tackles.
Offside is a defensive offside situation when a player is in the neutral zone.
Out of Bounds is the area outside the field of play.
Pass is a ball toss to another player. At the beginning of a play, this is often the quarterback’s pass to another player. The receiver must catch the ball and not drop it. Also, NFL rules require both feet to be in the field. The receiver may fall to the ground when catching, but the ball may not touch the ground.
Penalty Flag is a yellow cloth used by referees to indicate a rule violation. The location of the violation is marked and the clock is stopped.
Play is a move.
Play Clock is the clock that shows how much time can elapse between two turns. Depending on the game situation, it is always 40 or 25 seconds in professional games.
Punt is a kick against the ball before it hits the ground. The so-called
Punters are players who specialize in this task.
Quarterback is an important player position, catching the ball after the snap and starting the play.
Quarter: One of the four periods of a football match.
Receiver / Reception: A receiver or wide receiver catches the ball after a pass, reception is the catch itself.
Red Flag is a red flag thrown by the coach to signal a challenge.
The red zone is from the 20 yard line to the end zone. If the offense has possession in this area, the probability of scoring also increases.
Running backs are players whose primary role is to run (halfbacks, fullbacks).
Sack: When the quarterback is knocked down behind the line of scrimmage at the start of a play.
Safety is a special form of winning points and, as safeties, also a position to intercept passes.
Scramble: When the quarterback runs with the ball himself.
Snap is the passing of the ball from the center to the quarterback and thus the beginning of each play. The snap is most commonly performed one-handed, passing the ball off the ground through the center’s legs directly into the hands of the quarterback.
Tackle is a legal knocking down of a player.
Tackles are the farthest players on the offensive line.
Time Out: Each team gets three time outs per half time (for two quarters), the clock is stopped for this. If a coach loses a challenge, the team will be deducted a time out.
Touchdown: If the ball is captured or caught in the opponent’s end zone, or if a player runs into the opponent’s end zone with the ball in hand, this is a touchdown.
Trick play are surprising moves that take your opponent by surprise.
Try is an attempt, such as for a kick or a down.
Turnover is a change in possession of the ball.
Forward Pass or Forward Pass may only be played once per play. If the discharging player crosses the line of scrimmage, a forward pass is not allowed.
Wide receiver is a player waiting on the sidelines of the field to catch a forward pass and then reach the end zone.
The players in attack
Quarterback
This is the playmaker who catches the ball from the center player right after the snap. The quarterback usually implements the plays suggested by the coach, but can also make adjustments. A quarterback needs a high tactical understanding of the game, so they are usually experienced players. The quarterback doesn’t hold the ball for long and immediately passes it back to either a receiver or a running back.
Offensive Linemen
These five players directly in front of the quarterback protect him from the opposing team’s defensive players. The center is in the center, next to them are two so-called guards and two tackles on the very outside. Centers, guards and tackles also have the task of clearing any running paths. However, none of these five players are allowed to receive passes.
Running backs
are ball carriers whose job it is to grab the ball and run. There are halfbacks that are more agile and fullbacks that are a bit heavier, and they are also not that easy to bring down. However, a halfback can run faster, which is why the fullback often serves as a blocker for the halfback.
Receivers
The receiver or wide receiver is waiting slightly on the outside of the field for a pass from the quarterback. The idea for the ideal case is that he gets the ball and runs past the defense and scores a touchdown, which rarely happens. The wide receiver is usually the fastest player on the team.
The players in defense
Defensive linemen
The counterpart to the offensive linemen, mostly large and heavy players who should completely overthrow the quarterback or at least prevent him from building up the game. The center and the path for a running back of the opponent should also be blocked. The defensive tackles are in the middle of the line, the more agile defensive ends in the outer areas.
Linebacker
The quarterback equivalent stands behind the defensive linemen. Designed to stop running backs, this player is both agile and strong. Safeties and cornerbacks support the linebacker to block the attackers’ moves.
Safeties and cornerbacks
These player positions are the defensive backs with cornerbacks as a defense against a typical passing game. Behind it are the safeties as a kind of safety net to stop running backs breaking through the defensive line.
Offense and defense rights are swapped if a first down is no longer possible before a fourth attempt and no field goal is scored. The offensive team then kicks the ball from their own hands into the opponent’s court. The right to attack also changes when the attacking player drops the ball or the defensive team intercepts the ball (called interception).
Game start and game progress
Kick off
A coin toss determines who gets the ball first. The defending team kicks off from their own 35 yard line. The goal is to get the ball as far into the opponent’s half as possible.
The offense must catch the ball and carry it back towards the kick-off point. The defense must prevent this attack. At the point where the defense succeeds and the offense stops, the series of downs begins.
Series Of Downs
The offense must cover a distance of at least 10 yards or 30 feet within four downs. The football can be thrown to gain space or brought forward while running. During the run, other players from your own team ensure that the defenders are out of the way.
The throw pass is executed by the quarterback; he takes a few steps back and then throws the ball to a teammate (pass). This teammate (receiver) must catch the ball before it hits the ground.
The next down occurs at the point where the run player was stopped.
If at least 10 yards are successfully rushed, the offense team gets four more down attempts.
Scoring
The aim of the American Football game is to score more points than the opposing team during the playing time. A team can gain points in different ways.
Touchdown: Here the ball is transported over the field by a run or a pass over the opposing end zone. The touchdown scores six points. The team that scored by touchdown gets a new try from the 3-yard line.
Point after Touchdown or Extra Point: As a touchdown bonus, the offense team has the opportunity to kick the ball between the two posts of the goal post. The distance is around 10 yards. 1 point
Conversion: Another touchdown after a try brings 2 points.
Field Goal: If a third try does not result in a first down or a touchdown, the offense team is free to score a field goal. This must be attempted on the fourth try. The kick must propel the ball into the top half of the goal. Pro players create a field goal from distances of about 40 to 50 yards. 3 points
Safety: If the offensive player is stopped in the opposing zone, points are awarded to the defense team. The ball must be kicked back to the attacking team from their own 20-yard line. 2 points
Referee
In American football, there are four to seven umpires in each game.
The head umpire (whitecap) stands behind the offense, administering penalties and overseeing the four downs.
The umpire is either between or behind the linebackers on the middle of the defensive line. His job is also to position the ball for the next move.
The linesman oversees the correct execution of the line to gain by the chain crew, and the line judge oversees the forward movement of the offense toward or over the line to gain.
Back Judge, Field Judge and Side Judge operate at the back of the field. They monitor the validity of passes and also possible fouls.
Fouls and Penalties
If a violation of the rules or a foul is determined, the referees signal this with a yellow flag. However, fouls are only dealt with after a current play.
Examples of fouls include pinning an opponent without possession, offside, facemask, clipping, and chop block. The latter means that a player may only be tripped in a small clipping zone below the waistline. The region from the knee down is a taboo zone. A chop block means that one player is attacking below the waistline and another player is attacking above it at the same time. Spearing is also a clear major foul. Here, a player uses his helmet and throws himself outstretched like a spear at an opponent.
Fouls are usually penalized with a loss of space of 5, 10 or even 15 yards. Further penalties are the assignment of a new first down (four attempts to attack), loss of the right to attack or even the expulsion of the fouling player. In the case of fouls, the accused team can contest a referee’s decision and the play can be valid or repeated (challenge).
When was American football invented?
American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of soccer and rugby. The first American football match was played on November 6, 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton, using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time.
Who invented American football?
Walter Camp is considered the “founder” of American football. Camp was an accomplished rugby player from Yale University who began to transform the rules of rugby for a more ‘modern’ style of play, which eventually developed into the sport of football during the 1880s.
Where did American football originate?
On November 6, 1869, players from Princeton and Rutgers held the first intercollegiate football contest in New Brunswick, New Jersey, playing a soccer-style game with rules adapted from the London Football Association.
What shape is an American football?
A football, however, owes its two-dimensional origin to the ellipse rather than the circle, giving the pigskin its prolate spheroid shape, which has a polar axis that is greater than its equatorial diameter. Thanks to its elongated nature, a football will spiral when thrown properly.
Who won the first American intercollegiate football game?
Rutgers and New Jersey (later known as Princeton) faced off in what is considered to be the first American football game ever played on Nov. 6, 1869. The game took place in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with an audience of about 100 on hand, according to Rutgers. Rutgers won 6-4.
Who was the first African American football player?
In 1920, Fritz Pollard became the first African-American to play in the NFL during its formative years.
Paul Fallen, microsoft co-founder: which American football team?
Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft, owns the NFL’s Seattle Seahawks.
What British game did American and Canadian football grow from?
Rugby football was introduced to North America in Canada by the British Army garrison in Montreal, which played a series of games with McGill University. In 1874, the United States’ Harvard University hosted Canada’s McGill University to play the new game derived from rugby football in a home-and-home series.
When did American football start?
September 17, 1920, Canton, Ohio, United States
What is the alliance of American football?
The Alliance of American Football (AAF) was a professional American football minor league. The AAF consisted of eight centrally owned and operated teams in the southern and western United States, seven of which were located in metropolitan areas with at least one major professional sports franchise.
What is the highlight of the 2022 World Cup? The tournament will be held for the first time in winter. That depends on the venue. The game is played in the desert state of Qatar. This is because it would have been too hot during the summer months to hold the 22nd edition of the World Cup. Therefore, the first game, Senegal vs. Netherlands, kicks off at 11am (CET) on 21 November; it is the host’s turn at 5pm (CET) on the same day. Qatar meets Ecuador in the first game. The final will be held on the fourth Sunday in Advent, December 18 at 4 p.m. (CET).
Except for the changed period, are there other rules to be observed when the games take place in the desert state or are there hardly any differences to the 2018 World Cup?
The 2022 World Cup in Qatar – a short summary
32 teams are taking part in the World Cup, 13 of which are from Europe
The teams will compete in eight groups of four teams each
In the preliminary round, each national team plays three games
The first and second in the group advance to the round of 16
In knockout mode, there is a 30-minute overtime (2 x 15 minutes) after 90 minutes, followed by a penalty shoot-out
Five substitutions are allowed
If the player receives two yellow cards, he is automatically banned for the next game.
Who goes up if there is a tie?
The group stage always promises pure excitement when the teams compete against each other. Especially with a view to the last day of the group games, there can always be exciting encounters and results. For example, when two teams with the same number of points are in the same place in the table. Who then qualifies for knockout mode?
According to FIFA, there is a clear set of rules that says first the goal difference is taken into account, then the goals scored and then the result between the two teams that are equal on points. Finally, if all the details are equal, the coin toss decides.
The favourites
While Qatar hosts Group A, Germany, who were world champions in Brazil in 2014 and didn’t even make it through the group stage as defending champions in 2018, are in Group E. The Germans meet Japan, Costa Rica and Spain. If you want to bet without Oasis, you should look around on the Internet for the right provider – according to the bookmaker, the Brazilians are the favorites for the title.
But who still has a chance of becoming world champion in winter? Vice-European champions England must not be ignored under any circumstances; the 2018 world champion, France, will also want to have a say when it comes to the title. In addition to Argentina, the Spaniards and the Germans are also among the title contenders.
Is offside detection used?
It also becomes interesting when you look at the referees who will be in charge of the games in Qatar. Because in addition to goal-line technology and video evidence, a new technology could also be used during the World Cup – semi-automatic offside detection, which was developed by the Hawk-Eye company. However, FIFA has not yet provided any information as to whether this system will be used during the World Cup or not.
Even if the referees are supported with technical aids, it must of course be assumed that there will be decisions that the fans will not be able to understand. There can’t be so many technical aids that football is completely error-free here – and that’s exactly what the football game is all about in the end.
Highlights during the group stage
In the end, you can look forward to an interesting tournament that takes place at an unusual time of year, but in the end promises some encounters that could definitely become a highlight – even in the preliminary round. For example, when Qatar meets the Netherlands in the third group game, England meets the USA and the USA also have to play Iran. But Spain against Germany also promises excitement – as well as France against Denmark and Portugal against Uruguay.
How does World Cup 2022 Playoffs work?
There are still three free places for the 2022 World Cup, which will be awarded in the playoffs. The three places are allocated in three “groups” each. Four teams play for one place each. In order to be allowed to take part in the 2022 World Cup, both the “semifinals” and the “finals” must be won.
How does the 2022 World Cup qualifying work?
How was the process? The teams were divided into ten groups of five or six (the four finalists of the 2021 UEFA Nations League – Belgium, France, Italy, Spain – were in the smaller groups). The ten group winners qualified for the World Cup.
How is the World Cup mode?
Each team plays every other team in their group once. The last two games of each group must be played simultaneously. A win equals three points, a draw equals one and a loss equals zero points.
Who advances World Cup 2022 group stage?
In which World Cup group 2022 does Germany play? In the 2022 World Cup group draw, Germany was drawn from pot 2 into World Cup Group E. There Germany meets the national teams of Spain, Japan and Costa Rica or New Zealand. The World Cup playoff game between the two nations will not take place until June 2022.
Which country has been world champion twice but only once in the final?
Uruguay’s national soccer team has already won the World Cup twice – and has only reached a World Cup final once.
Who else is coming to the 2022 World Cup?
Spain, Serbia, Croatia, Switzerland, England and the Netherlands bought their ticket to the final round of the World Cup in Qatar (November 21 to December 18, 2022) on the last day of the European World Cup qualifiers.
Who is not in the 2022 World Cup?
In addition to Italy, the national teams Austria, Turkey, Sweden, Norway, Egypt, Nigeria, Colombia and Chile are missing from the 2022 World Cup.
Which teams are not at the 2022 World Cup?
Russia was banned from UEFA’s World Cup playoffs because of the war in Ukraine. The Path A play-off semi-final between Scotland and Ukraine was also moved to June and with it the final against Wales, which beat Austria.
From an original form of hunting at least 14,000 years ago and a long-distance weapon, the bow and arrow has also developed into a piece of sports equipment. Target shooting with a bow and arrow is already described in the legends surrounding Robin Hood. The oldest European school of archery dates back to England in 1545. In the early 19th century in Brabant (Belgium) archery had the status of a popular national sport. Archery also became a very popular sport in Great Britain, mainly for women. In Germany, however, it was not established as a sport at that time, despite the German gymnastics movement by gymnastics father Jahn.
Archery is one of the precision sports and uses standardized targets as a shooting sport with bow and arrow. It has been an Olympic sport since 1972 and was part of the Olympic Games program in 1900, 1904, 1908 and 1920. In 1904 it was the only sport in which women were allowed to participate. World Archery Championships have been held since 1931. In addition to sports, archery is also used in the meditative and therapeutic fields.
Archery technique
The mechanical principle of archery uses an elastic stick or bow that is stretched with a bowstring. By tightening the string, the bow acts like a spring. The potential energy built up is released as the kinetic energy of the arrow when the string is released. Therefore, the stronger the tension of the bow and the further the string is drawn, the faster, further, straighter and more penetrating the arrow will act.
The tension of the bow is traditionally defined as the draw weight on the string in pounds (1 pound = 0.453 kilograms) at a draw of 28 inches (71.12 centimeters). Bow draw weights vary from a few pounds for children’s bows to over 60 pounds (27.22 kilograms) for experienced archers.
Depending on the bow class and association, there are restrictions on the firing speed. Field and Forest are 300 feet per second, World Archery and Target have a draw weight of 60 pounds.
A special feature of archery, however, is to achieve a consistent shooting sequence through calmness and concentration.
Gear
Safety comes first. In addition to the right equipment, certain behaviors reduce the risk of injury.
Recurve bows with sights and stabilizers are the most common sports equipment in archery. This technologically advanced piece of sports equipment is often referred to as the Olympic bow. This allows accurate hits to be achieved over long distances.
Compound bows with a pulley-like mechanism have far greater draw energy. The pull force used by the shooter is approximately evenly high from the beginning until just before the full draw, which gives the arrow a higher impulse. The draw length depends on the shooter’s arm length and shooting technique. This includes the choice of the anchor point of the drawing hand for the maximum drawout of the string.
Quiver
In addition to the bow with or without an arrow rest and the arrows, the equipment includes a quiver, carried on the back or on the side. Some models can also be attached to the bow.
Clothing and protection
Are important for the archer
tight-fitting clothing, as the tendon shoots tightly along the body
Leather arm protection, which prevents bruising on the forearm
a finger protection in the form of a “tab”
or an archery glove
or releases for the hand that pulls the string
if necessary, a chest protector
In “Olympic” archery, an arrow rest is used for shooting and a bow stand is often used to store the bow.
Bow equipment
The extension of the bow equipment by technical additions to the bow and the string is possible – depending on the type of shooting. These include various designs of arrow rests, bow sights, clickers, overdraws, peepsights, stabilizers for limbs and bows as well as accessories for the bowstring, such as silencers, kisser buttons and nock point aids (made of metal or “D-Loops”).
https://youtu.be/5U53PllOWvU
Shooting at targets
Target faces with a ring rating serve as targets, the ring number ranges from 10 to 1. These targets are divided into colors from the inside to the outside. Each color is in turn divided into 2 rings and stands for a certain number of points. Yellow (also called gold) = 10 / 9 points or rings; Red = 8/7 points; Blue = 6/5 points; Black = 4/3 points and White = 2/1 points. If you hit neither the target nor the target, this is rated as an M (miss).
The area of ten for compound shooters in the hall is 18 meters smaller than that for recurve shooters and is also marked separately. Such an X marking is also available outdoors. Here, however, the score counts as an inside ten. A hit counts when the arrow shaft touches the black stripe surrounding the ring. Rings 1 and 2 are dropped and in the event of a tie, the shooter with the most inner tens wins.
Shooting sequence
A traffic light or traffic light control regulates the shooting process, with a distinction being made between single and double row shooting. The length of the shooting time depends on the competition and is defined in the regulations.
After shooting, the hits are recorded by the shooters. The results are recorded by two people separately on so-called shooting slips. This includes the value of each individual arrow and the sum of all rings reached.
The most famous competitions
WA outdoors (championships and Olympic Games): 2 times 36 arrows at a distance of 70 meters, then continue in the knockout process
FITA Round or Great FITA: Shooting 144 arrows at different distances and targets (depending on competition class, age and gender). At the 30 meter distance, the target can also be replaced by so-called spots. For schoolchildren and youth classes, there are sometimes different regulations regarding distances and print runs.
A FITA round is usually shot in one day, but the double FITA is shot in two FITA rounds on two consecutive days
Small or half FITA: 50 and 30 meters distance on an 80 cm target, 36 arrows each
900 round: 30 arrows each at 60, 50 and 40 meters on a 122 cm target
FITA Halle: Here there are two 2 rounds of 30 arrows at a distance of 18 meters on 60 centimeter faces (traditional bows and student class A recurve), 40 centimeter faces (bare bow and youth class recurve) or on 3 spot faces (Olympic recurve and compound bow)
Bogenliga Halle: In a DSB league, eight teams with three shooters per match usually compete against each other. Each team shoots one match against the remaining seven teams on a competition day. A match consists of three to five ends (shots) of six darts each, two per contestant within a two minute time limit. A league season consists of 4 days of competition, in the final the four best teams from the 1st Bundesliga North and the four best teams from the 1st Bundesliga South compete against each other.
Outdoor archery league: Here, too, there are teams with three archers each and everyone shoots 3 arrows at 50 meters on 80 centimeter targets. All shooters must shoot their arrows within 3 minutes. Each shooter shoots 3 times 3 arrows per competition, i.e. 27 arrows per team. Each team shoots against every other team and the winner gets 2 points each, ties get 1 point each. If the sum of all points equals a tie, the ring numbers also count.
At the DBSV, a team consists of four shooters and they shoot at 70 centimeter targets.
Archery disciplines
The term field archery or field shooting combines different disciplines of archery and is based on traditional archery. However, target devices or other additional equipment are also common here.
Field archery
In the narrower sense, field archery set up the targets in the terrain along a circular course. In contrast to the FITA target, these are black with a yellow inner circle. On a field course, the distances for at least half of the targets are not known and you can shoot uphill and downhill up to a firing angle of 45 degrees.
3D shooting
3D shooting uses foam animal figures as targets, usually on an archery course. In addition, the shots are not only made in flat fields, but also up and down. 3D shooting is similar to hunting without hurting animals. The aim is to place the arrow in the kill of the stylized animal, i.e. where the heart and lungs would be. A course consists of around 28 targets at which a maximum of 3 arrows can be shot. In small parcours and the so-called hunter rating, only one arrow may be fired from a peg. The shooter must be behind and touching this stake when shooting.
4D archery
4D archery uses large screens and a projector to enable training with moving targets. A special sensor registers the flight of the arrow and its impact on the canvas. Special polymer foams are used for these and the arrows can be reused as desired. There is hunting 4D and 4D where the target is clearly marked. With Jagdlichen-4D, on the other hand, nature scenes or animated content are used and the shooter has to guess where the so-called kill is.
Clout shooting, roving and flight shooting
Clout Shooting: Aimed at a flag planted in the ground 165 meters away.
Roving: The checkered flags are at different unknown distances
Flight shooting or long-distance shooting: The aim is to shoot as far as possible.
Traditional archery
Traditional archery (instinctive or intuitive) uses bows without technical accessories such as sights or stabilizers on forest courses. In addition to the recurve bow in its form as a bare bow, there is the long bow, the rider bow and the primitive bow. Homemade bows are also used.
Mounted Archery
Mounted archery uses short horseback bows from horseback, mostly at a gallop, modeled on Mongolian warriors. This shooting technique is similar to traditional instinctive archery.
Kyūdō
Kyūdō is traditional Japanese archery, based on the ancient warfare technique of the samurai. Under the influence of Zen Buddhism, an art form of its own emerged. Both the design of the bow and the technique of shooting are completely different from sport archery.
Yabu seeds
Yabusame is an older traditional Japanese style of archery practiced from horseback.
Therapeutic Archery
Archery is offered as part of the treatment in many psychosomatic clinics, in therapy for children and adolescents and in rehabilitation.
Paralympic sport
Blind and partially sighted archers are currently fighting for recognition of this blind and partially sighted sport as a Paralympic sport.
Archery Organizations
The officially recognized international association for archery is the World Archery Federation (WA), represented in Germany by the Deutscher Schützenbund (DSB). Qualification for European Championships, World Championships and Olympic Games is only possible via the DSB. However, 3D field archery and 3D championships are not planned in the DSB. Therefore, the WA 3D World Championship took place in recent years without German participation.
In addition to DSB, other associations in Germany include the German Archery Association (DBSV) and the German Field Archery Association (DFBV). This is internationally connected to the International Field Archery Association (IFAA). This organizes qualification-free world and European championships of the incorporated national associations every year. Since field archery is becoming more and more popular as a mass sport, there has recently been cooperation between the DFBV and the DSB.
Although the team sports of rugby and soccer have a common origin in Great Britain, their current rules of the game have little to do with each other. Rugby, or rugby football, is extremely popular in parts of the British Commonwealth and Southern Hemisphere countries. Rugby is one of the lesser known sports in this country.
History of rugby
According to legend, the game of rugby originated in the city of the same name around 1823. William Webb Ellis’ side were on the brink of defeat, so he grabbed the ball and put it into the opposition’s goal. Hence the Rugby World Cup trophy is after him (the Webb Ellis Cup). However, even before that there were many variants of playing with carrying a ball in your hand. The English football association Football Association (FA), founded in 1863, tried to develop a uniform set of rules from the still diverse football rules, but disputes arose and in 1871 the Rugby Football Union (RFU), a competing association, was founded.
The RFU gradually standardized the rules of rugby school and later that year organized the first international rugby match in Edinburgh between Scotland and England.
In 1895 there was another split within the RFU. The Northern Rugby Union (now Rugby Football League) established its own rugby league rules and allowed the sport to become more professional. The RFU (now Rugby Union) remained true to the amateur sport. Both variants of rugby still exist today and there are international matches between national teams under both regulations. Professional athletes have also been allowed to play rugby union since 1995 and it has been considered the world’s leading variant of rugby ever since. Also in German-speaking countries, the term rugby is usually understood to mean the regulations of rugby union. In mass sport and in schools, the low-contact variant touch rugby dominates, and in top-class sport there is also the variant 7-a-side rugby, which has meanwhile become Olympic.
Content of the game – rugby
Rugby is a team sport with physical effort (“tackling”) and tactical moves. In rugby, an “egg” is thrown instead of a ball, similar to American football. According to the Union rules, two teams of 15 players face each other on the field and try to get the “egg” into the opposing goal. The aim is to score more points than the opposing team. The winner is the team with the most points at the end of the game. A rugby union match lasts 40 minutes twice. Shorter seasons are common in youth games. The break between the two halves is ten minutes long.
The playing field
Rugby pitches may have grass, snow, clay or sand surfaces. There are no precise dimensions, but a playing field must not exceed a maximum length of 100 meters and a maximum width of 70 meters. The so-called in-goal at both ends of the playing field has a maximum length of 22 meters and a minimum length of 10 meters.
The touchline on the side edges of the field and the final line at the back end of the in-goal delimit the field of play. A ball is already out of bounds here.
The center line divides the field in two.
The 10-yard line is 10 yards from the center line.
The 22-yard line is 22 yards from the end of the field and delimits an area at the goal line, also known as “the 22”.
The 5-meter lines are six irregular stripes parallel to the center line, five meters from the ends of the field. To the
The 5-meter touchline is 5 meters from the sides of the field, parallel to the touchlines. There should be no more tackling maneuvers behind.
The rugby goal
The H-shaped rugby goal consists of two vertical goal-posts 5 to 6 meters apart and a crossbar 3 meters above the ground. There is a goal at the end of the field in the middle of the goal line. Padding is usually attached to the lower ends of these goal bars to protect against injury.
The rugby ball
The ball in rugby is not round but has an elliptical shape and is therefore usually known as an “egg”. In the past, rugby balls consisted of four panels of leather sewn together. Modern balls have a rubber surface with small knobs and come in five sizes. Size 5 for adult rugby is the largest at 280-300mm in length and 760-790mm in waist. The weight ranges from 400 to 440 grams.
Sportswear
The helmets and massive protectors of American football are known from the media. There is no such thing in rugby, only wearing a mouth guard is mandatory. The playing attire usually consists of a tight jersey, shorts, knee-high socks and cleated shoes. Some players also use a soft cap to protect their ears or a thin, foam-lined shoulder pad under the jersey.
The Rules of the Game of Rugby
In all variants of rugby, the goal is to get the ball past your opponent, such as passing a striker, to score points. This can be done in a number of ways: the egg can be carried, kicked with your feet, or thrown with your arms. The ball must go through the goal above the crossbar.
When throwing, the ball may only be played backwards. A forward throw, violating this rule, results in an ordered scrum. The scrum is sort of a power meter of the players numbered 1 through 8, who then “push around the ball”. The players stand head to head, crouched with a straight back, and try to push each other away in order to secure the ball.
The ball may be kicked in any direction with the foot without penalty.
The defending team may also pin the player in possession. Holding down and bringing the opponent down are also permitted and provided for in Rugby Rules.
If players in possession touch the ground with more than just the soles of their shoes, the cue ball is released. In this case, the player may not pick up the ball again. If he does, the opposing team gets the ball.
When the player is on the ground, players from either team may push and push others after the ball, but may not use their hands to do so. Hitting and kicking is also strictly forbidden.
Game start and game progress
At the beginning of the game, the kicking team takes a position on the center line. At the kick-off, the defending team stands at the 10-meter line. Since the ball must never be thrown forward, kicking the ball in all directions is allowed, gaining space can only be achieved by running with the ball and kicking the ball. Back passes are mostly oblique in order to achieve a free running position.
Only a ball-carrying player may be attacked, anything else is a violation of the rules. Permitted are clasps and tackles, obstructions below the shoulder line and falling. A player who has been tripped must release the ball and stop grabbing it. All attacks and moves, both defensive and offensive, are always aimed at gaining points.
Typical game elements in rugby are
arranged (English scrum) and open scrum (English ruck),
the package (English maul) – one or more players hold or block the ball-carrying opposing player,
the alley – the throw-in from the sideline (English lineout)
and the running and passing game of the so-called three-quarter series (English three quarters).
Further technical terms:
Attempt (English Try): It is possible to put the ball on the ground in the opponent’s in-goal.
Increase (English conversion): After a successful attempt, the attacking team may kick the stationary ball between the H-shaped goal bars over the crossbar. This may be done from any position on an imaginary line parallel to the touchline, but through the point where the try was made.
Jump kick (English dropkick): From the running game, a player kicks the ball, which must have previously touched the ground, between the goal bars and over the crossbar.
Penalty kick (English penalty kick): From a point where a more serious violation of the rules by the opposing team took place, the ball is kicked onto the goal bars and over the crossbar.
Scoring
Rugby’s scoring system is complex and extensive. The most important regulations are:
Try: Five points are awarded if a team manages to put the ball in the opposing team’s in-goal. The ball can be carried there with the arms or kicked. The condition is that the ball must be touched by hand by one of the attackers after lying down.
The raise after the try – kicking the rugby ball through the goal – earns the attackers two more points if they succeed.
A successful raise after a penalty kick earns the attackers three points.
The penalty attempt occurs when an unfair attack by the opponent thwarts a try. Such a successful penalty attempt results in five points for the attacking team.
The scrum does not bring any points itself, but can quickly lead to a direct try or other point.
The jump kick, if successful, can earn the attacking team three points. The egg must have touched the ground beforehand.
Rugby variants
In addition to the two variants of the sport of rugby due to its history, there are other popular variations.
Rugby 7s: While the original rugby sport was designed for 15 players, there is now a variant with seven players on the pitch.
Beach rugby: Rugby can also be played in the sand on a beach, since the ball is mainly played by hand.
Touch Rugby and Tag Rugby: These almost non-contact versions of rugby are common in recreational sports and schools, if only to reduce the risk of injury.
Indoor rugby is the indoor variant of rugby and is mostly based on the rules of touch rugby.
Wheelchair rugby makes use of wheelchairs.
Underwater rugby is similar to water polo in a sports pool.
Special forms: Variants with twelve and ten rugby players are possible, but the rules of the 15-man rugby union apply here.
American Football, Canadian Football, Australian Football: These are sports that are based on the basic rules of rugby and have developed their own sport from it.
Advantages and disadvantages of the game
Advantages
Rugby is an internationally popular sport for which there are many variants of the game.
The basic equipment for the game is inexpensive.
It is a team sport and helps develop team spirit.
Rugby is practiced regularly in many schools and sports clubs.
It’s not just height that counts, but also ability and skill.
If you want to take the sport seriously, you will find many active sports clubs and training opportunities.
Disadvantages
Rugby is not as popular and well-known in German-speaking countries, which can make it more difficult to form teams and for a beginner to learn the rules.
Pitch and rugby goals are not found everywhere in every sports hall or school.
So you have to join a club or school team to play rugby.
Fitness and training are important because this sport is physical and there is always a certain risk of injury.
Our verdict on rugby
Rugby is one of the most popular sports in the English-speaking world and is slowly spreading around the world. It is physical and promotes team spirit. If you want to practice this sport, you have to join a sports club. Exercising and fitness are important as it is a physical sport.
Find out more about rugby
Rugby World Records
A normal rugby game is not enough for the extreme athletes, which is why some world records have been set over the years:
1932 – longest drop goal in the world: between South Africa and England. 77.7 m distance from Gerald Hamilton.
2003 – The biggest points difference in a World Cup game: 142-0 between Australia and Namibia
2011 – Longest Rugby game: 24 hours, five minutes, and twelve seconds with 1,604 points during the Rugby World Cup in New Zealand.
2019 – Rugby at 6331 meters on Mount Everest.
What is the difference between Rugby and American Football?
While the AF team consists of 11 players, the R team consists of 15 players. Furthermore, in AF you can throw both backwards and forwards and there are differences in terms of the field and the ball.
How dangerous is rugby?
It is not just a ball sport, but above all a contact sport. To outsiders, the moves may seem very harsh and dangerous – and sometimes there are injuries – but the players are specially trained for them. That’s why we don’t recommend emulating the game if you don’t have any experience.
In which countries is rugby celebrated?
The game is most popular in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, but also in England, France, Scotland, Wales and Italy. Contact sport is also a national sport in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga.
Who has the most rugby players?
France registers the most players in the world.
Where can I watch rugby?
On TV and the Internet, for example, this can be done via (paid) sports streams. If you’re lucky, there’s a bar or pub near you that’s broadcasting a game.
To tame a horse you have to click on it with empty hands (right mouse button). Your character now mounts the horse, but is thrown off again shortly afterwards. Now you just have to repeat this process until the horse is tamed.
To tame it is fairly simple, as all you need to do is hop on its back. While it may buck you off a couple of times at first, just remain persistent, and you’ll have the horse tamed in no time at all. If you’re lucky enough, you’ll be able to tame it in one go.
How to tame a zombie horse in Minecraft?
Zombie horses cannot be tamed or bred.
How to tame a horse in minecraft on tablet?
First you stand in front of the horse and look at it. Next, right click on the horse. Now your character tries to break in the horse. In most cases, the first attempts will fail.
How to tame a horse in Minecraft Xbox?
To tame a horse in Minecraft, you first need a saddle and a horse. Next, select an empty spot in your hotbar so you’re not holding anything and interact with the horse. Right click on the horse to get on its back. Repeat this until the horse is tamed.
How to tame a horse in Minecraft Switch?
You tame a horse by right-clicking. However, you must not hold any item in your hand. On the first “try” you will be thrown off the horse. Repeat this process until hearts appear above the horse.
How rare is a skeleton horse in Minecraft?
The probability of a skeleton horse appearing when struck by lightning depends on the region’s difficulty. It is 0.75% to 1.5% for Easy, 1.5% to 4% for Normal and 2.25% to 6.75% for Hard.
Can you breed horses in Minecraft?
After taming two horses, you can have them produce a foal by giving each horse a golden apple. Horse breeding is possible on all versions of Minecraft including PC, Pocket and Console editions.
Why can’t I tame my Minecraft horse?
The way to tame it is, while not holding an item, click on the Horse like you would to use an item. The Horse will most likely buck you off. You need to repeat this until hearts appear, but you can also feed the Horse Apples, Wheat, Golden Apples, Golden Carrots, Wheat, or a Hay Bale to help tame it.
Do you need a saddle to tame a horse in Minecraft?
Before you start taming horses, you’ll need to acquire a saddle: Without one you won’t be able to ride tamed horses or take them anywhere, making it a bit pointless. Unfortunately though, you can’t craft them, so you have to find them using one of two methods.
How do you tame and saddle a horse in Minecraft?
Find a Saddle or Horse Armor. You can find these items inside Chests in dungeons or Nether
Fortresses.
Find a horse.
Feed the horse to tame it.
Select the horse with an empty hand.
Put a Saddle (or Horse Armor) on the horse.
Ride your horse.
What do Minecraft horses eat to be tamed?
To tame or breed horses in Minecraft, you should know the food they love. Horses in Minecraft eat sugar, wheat, apple, golden carrot, golden apple, and hay bale. And most food here can be farmed automatically. You can use any of the food above to lure the horses, making them follow you anywhere.
What’s the best horse in Minecraft?
Health: Well, black pegasuses are the best and the fastest Minecraft horses. You will get a black Pegasus horse with 50 hearts in the Minecraft game. Working speed: You will find Black Pegasus with maximum working speed. The speed of Black Pegasus is nearly 1.3 blocks per second in Minecraft world.
What do horses need in Minecraft?
Horses can eat a few different foods in Minecraft. There are 6 different things that you can feed your Horse: Sugar, Wheat, Apples, Golden Apples, Golden Carrots, and Hay Bales.
How do you get Black Pegasus in Minecraft?
Can Minecraft horses jump over fences?
Horses can be used to climb hills and jump fences, as some can jump high enough to clear up to five block heights, versus the player’s maximum of about one (without jump boost).
Can horses swim Minecraft?
What’s the rarest horse in Minecraft?
While most can be commonly found in almost any biome, the skeleton horse is arguably the rarest type of horse in the game. It is an undead horse that has certain special abilities as opposed to normal ones. These mysterious magical creatures do not commonly spawn in the world.
In the crafting menu, you should see a crafting area that is made up of a 3×3 crafting grid. To make a lead, place 4 string and 1 slimeball in the 3×3 crafting grid.
Collecting animals or mobs in Minecraft can be extremely difficult as they tend to roam. That’s why knowing how to craft a ledge is important to keep these creatures tied down in a location of your choice.
Whenever you come across a problem in Minecraft, there is usually a tool that can fix the problem. However, sometimes it is difficult to figure out what item you need and how to craft it. Therefore, it is always useful to learn how to craft useful in-game gear that can save you time in the future.
Well, a key element that every Minecraft player should do is leadership. Whether you’re building your own Minecraft farm or just want to keep your boat tied up, it always helps to have a head start on survival.
How to get a head start in Minecraft
Minecraft lead recipe
To get a head start, you must first kill spiders and slimes to gather the right materials. Luckily, these mobs are relatively easy to find, with spiders roaming the world at night and slimes inhabiting swamp biomes. Here’s exactly what you need to collect:
A slime ball
Four pieces of string
After finding these materials, simply use a craft table and place them in the order shown in the image above. This will give you two leads to use on mobs around the world.
What does a lead do in Minecraft?
Of course, the main use for leads is to keep animals and mobs tied to a specific location. This can be accomplished by capturing a creature with a leash and attaching it to a fence.
However, there are some unconventional uses for a lead that can be fun to try. For example, creating an Iron Golem and wielding it on a leash will give a player a personal bodyguard. This ensures you are protected from hostile mobs roaming the world at night.
Hopefully this has taught you exactly how to make a lead in Minecraft and why they are such a useful tool. Now, fingers crossed, any animals you want to collect won’t migrate after you go to bed in the game.
Where can you find leads in Minecraft?
Leads can now be found inside woodland mansion chests. Leads can now be found inside buried treasure chests. Leads can now be used on boats. Leads can now be used to craft balloons.
Can you still craft leads in Minecraft?
To make a lead in Minecraft, you will need to get 4 string and 1 slimeball for the recipe. Making the lead requires that you place three of the string in the top left corner slots, slimeball in the middle, and the fourth string to the bottom right corner of the Crafting Table.
Also, this elevator has been shown to work only facing south or north. Otherwise, due to a bug in Minecraft, the pistons will only push you into the blocks instead of up.
1 gold block.
1 iron block.
1 diamond block.
1 redstone.
1 Redstone Torch.
1 piston.
1 Sticky Flask.
How to build a car in Minecraft that can drive?
To do this, pack the tires in the lower corners of the workbench and place the iron ingot on top. Place the engine and a crate over the iron ingot and the car is ready. The [C] key lets you use the car when you pack coal into the car.
To summon a Warden, a Sculk Screecher must activate three times (with a sound) and there must be no other Warden within 48 blocks. Then a Warden will appear, coming out of the ground.
What can you do with soul sand?
Soul Sand can be used to craft Soul Torches and Soul Campfires.
How to make an infinite water source in Minecraft?
Two buckets of water can be used to create an infinite source of water by emptying them into opposite corners of a 2×2 block pool. The other two corners will then automatically fill with water.
How to build an elevator in Minecraft with water?
A tower made of fences or walls is placed in the middle. An entrance will be built into the side, which will be provided with signs along the edge that will keep the water back. Finally, you pour water all over the edge and the elevator is ready.
How do you make an easy elevator in Minecraft?
How do you make a elevator going up in Minecraft?
How do you make a 2022 elevator in Minecraft?
After you have your bucket, you can simply jump in the water to fill it up. For the Soul sand and Magma blocks, you need to head over to the Nether. Create a portal using obsidian and enter the Nether.
Glass.
Water Bucket.
Door.
Kelp.
Soul Sand to help you go up.
Magma Block to help you go down.
How do you make a lift in Minecraft survival?
How do you make a working car in Minecraft?
How do you build a Minecraft car?
To make a car in Minecraft, open creative mode, and find a flat area. Make a capital “i” shape by placing 2 parallel rows of 3 blocks of slime, connected by 2 blocks. Add a layer of slime blocks on top, and then remove the lower blocks to suspend the base of the car.
How do you make a gun in Minecraft?
To easily make a gun in Minecraft, gather a dispenser, 3 redstone, 4 redstone torches, a lever, and arrows. Place your dispenser on the ground and a redstone dust behind it, with 2 blocks behind the redstone dust.
How do you build a Lamborghini in Minecraft?
How do you make a working bike in Minecraft no mods?
Minecraft is one of the most popular games of 2019. Do you know how to allocate more RAM to minecraft? If you don’t know, you can follow the methods in this MiniTool post to allocate more RAM to Minecraft.
Since the release of version 2.0.0, Minecraft has provided the ability to adjust memory in the Minecraft Launcher, making it easier to allocate more memory for Minecraft. Here’s how to allocate more RAM to Minecraft. Before I show you each step, please update your Minecraft to the latest version first.
Start the Minecraft launcher and go to the installation tab. Go to the three dots next to your version and select “Edit”. Find “JVM Arguments” in the Java settings, hidden under “More options”. Change the command “-Xmx2G” to “-Xmx[desired amount of RAM in gigabytes]G”.
After that, please follow the steps below.
How to allocate more RAM for Minecraft
Here are two methods for you if you don’t know how to allocate more RAM to Minecraft.
Method 1. Allocate more RAM in Minecraft Launcher
Step 1. Check the available memory of your PC
Right-click on the Windows Start menu and select Settings.
In the settings window, select System.
Go to the Infound section and note the amount of RAM installed under Device Specifications.
Step 2. Turn on the JVM arguments switch
Start the Minecraft Launcher by double-clicking on the Minecraft icon on your PC.
Select the Boot Options tab.
Make sure advanced settings are enabled.
Choose the profile you want to edit.
Make sure the JVM arguments are enabled.
Step 3. Customize RAM for Minecraft
Then you should see a line of text like -Xmx1G. Change the 1 to the number of gigabytes of RAM you want to allocate to Minecraft.
Finally, click the Save button to save the change.
After that, Minecraft will use your allocated amount of RAM for the profile you chose.
It is not recommended to reserve more than two-thirds of the total RAM for Minecraft, as this can cause performance problems on your computer.
Method 2. Allocate more RAM on a Minecraft server
In this part, you will learn how to allocate more RAM to the Minecraft server.
Step 1. Check your PC’s RAM memory
Right-click on the Windows Start menu and select Settings.
In the settings window, select System.
Go to the Infound section and note the amount of RAM installed under Device Specifications.
Step 2. Open the Minecraft server directory
This folder contains the Minecraft_server.exe file, which you use to start the Minecraft server. You can search for “Minecraft_server” on your PC to find its location.
Step 3. Allocate more RAM by creating a new document
1. Create a new text document in the server directory.
2. Paste the following code into the new text document.
You need to replace #### with the value in MB you want to allocate to Minecraft (1GB = 1024MB). For example, if you want to allocate 2GB of RAM, enter 2048.
3. Click File and select Save As…. Change the file extension from “.txt” to “.bat”. To do this, you need to enable file extensions on Windows if they are not displayed.
4. The file you create will be the new launcher for your Minecraft server. Run the new file to start Minecraft and it will automatically allocate a certain amount of RAM.
After reading this post, you should know how to allocate more RAM to Minecraft. If you need to allocate more RAM to Minecraft, you can follow the steps in this post.
