Would you like to play billiards, but don’t know the billiard rules yet? No problem, with us you will find everything you need to know about this great game!

Billiards coming soon

In billiards or a game of billiards, two people or two teams compete against each other. A special billiard table, billiard balls or balls and a wooden stick or cue are required for each player. The balls are moved by bumping, but the player with the cue may only bump the cue ball or cue ball. This playing ball in turn pushes other balls (object balls). The aim of the game is to sink all object balls faster than the opponent into the designated holes on the billiard table.

The French word bille (ball) was probably the inspiration for the name of the game. The earliest mention of a billiard table at the court of the French King Louis XI. can be dated to 1470. By the mid-16th century, billiards was an established pastime in many of Europe’s royal houses and part of social life. Around 1850, the first sets of rules were created, the first forms of player organization and the first championships were held in tournament form. Especially in Great Britain and in the USA the interest in the game of billiards was great. While billiards developed into a professional sport in the USA, Europe remained amateur.

Around 1880, all billiard variants that are common today were already established and some were further developed with new sub-variants. Of all the possible variants of the game, pool is the most common and most of the pool tables open to the public are built for pool.

Equipment: You need this to play billiards

Pool table

The billiard table for pool billiards has a certain size and playing surface design as required by the billiard rules. The playing surface is covered with a billiard cloth made from synthetic fibers such as nylon, polyester, Teflon or Trevira. The color of many tables is dark green, but the color of the cloth can vary. The so-called bands (wood with band rubber coating), which are between 36 and 37 millimeters high, run around the playing surface.

It is subject to certain standards by the official associations:

The 8-foot table, playing surface, 2240 by 1120 millimeters, minimum weight: 300 kilograms (minimum size for championships)
The 9-foot table, playing surface, 2540 by 1270 millimeters, minimum weight: 350 kilograms (Bundesliga, German and international championships).
The 6-foot table for blackball in Bundesliga, German and international championships), ratio of 2 to 1 between length and width, the table height must be between 750 and 850 millimeters.
The outer frame or band mirror must be at least 100 millimeters wide to rest the fingers on the cue guide. There are three marks in the head and foot area and six marks along the length, the so-called diamonds, at standardized intervals. These markings help to calculate the cue throw.

There are a total of six lower pockets or perforated pockets, four corner pockets and two center pockets on the long sides for the balls. A return system for the ball return on the side or at the foot end collects all the balls that have been put in the hole below the playing level at a collection point. The cue ball is mostly thrown out at commercial tables for reuse.

Queue

A cue is the billiard stick, which can be made of either wood or plastic or aluminum reinforced with glass or carbon fibers. There are different lengths, diameters and degrees of hardness.

Each cue has a so-called tip, usually a piece of leather.
There are single-layer and multi-layer, they can be glued or screwed on. The harder it is, the easier strong impacts are. Rounding and roughening the tip of the tip serves to hold more chalk and thus allow more spin in the shot.

You can also use a cue extension as an aid for difficult shots. She puts her back on the handle of the cue. An auxiliary cue with a cross-shaped tip or the spider, an elevated auxiliary cue with an arched support at the end, may also be used.

Billiard Chalk and Reamer

The billiard chalk is applied to the bitter orange to ensure better adhesion. This chalk, usually blue in color, comes in the form of paper-wrapped cubes or cylinders about 2 centimeters in diameter.

To ensure better absorption of the chalk, there is the rasp for the bitter orange, a small steel plate with a waffle pattern. This can be used to roughen the leather at the tip of the cue.

Billiard balls

Billiard balls are made of high purity phenolic resin. Pool balls have a diameter of 57.2 millimeters and weigh 170 grams. A white cue ball and 15 object balls are used in pool billiards. These balls are numbered from 1 to 15; those 1 to 8 are called the full ones. The balls 9 to 15 are called the halves because they are only half colored. The numbers are always assigned the following colors:

1 and 9 = Yellow
2 and 10 = blue
3 and 11 = red
4 and 12 = Purple and Pink1, respectively
5 and 13 = orange
6 and 14 = Green
7 and 15 = brown
8 = Black
Cue Ball: White

Billiard Rules: How the game works

Thrusting techniques

A billiards player should keep his forearm straight when executing the stroke with the cue, there should be a right angle between the forearm and upper arm. Only the elbow should be moved to gain momentum, shoulder and wrist remain stiff.

The thrusting techniques include

an ideally elastic shot that hits the cue ball exactly in the middle, continuing a straight line
a decentralized spin that causes the cue ball to spin. This gives the ball a certain running behavior, for example for a bow shot or a return shot.

Billiard Rules

Basic billiard rules

Each player or team has 7 colored balls. The aim of the pool billiard game is to sink your own balls faster than your opponent. If a player has sunk it, the black must then be sunk in a specific hole in order to win the game. If a player pots the black ball too early or into the wrong hole, he loses the game immediately. The rules of the game are standardized and precisely defined for tournaments and championships. In the leisure sector, the billiard rules are pub rules. This means that these rules can vary slightly from pub to pub.

Gameplay

At the start of the pool game, players choose who will play which balls. Usually, the choice is made by the first ball a player pots. If it is a full one, then he plays the full billiard balls and may only pocket these.
The object balls are set up and placed in the plastic triangle. The black ball must be in the middle of the third row and there must be a full and a half in each of the outer corners.
The toast is from the top field, the first quarter of the area. The triangle lies with the apex on the head point, which is in the middle of the head line. The white billiard ball for the opening shot (break) is on the opposite foot point in the lower quarter of the table. The cue ball is shot at the ball pyramid with as much force as possible in order to spread it out as much as possible and possibly sink the first ball.
If a ball has been pocketed, the player has made the choice between a full or a half and may only play these balls.
If no ball was pocketed, it is the other player’s turn. As soon as a player has pocketed a ball, it is assigned who has to play which ball (full or half).

Billiard Rules Variants

In other variants, the opening player may place the cue ball anywhere in the headboard and play on any ball in the triangle.

Another variant of the billiard rules allows the player to choose any full or half if he also sinks colored balls in the opening shot. It doesn’t matter whether half or full balls were sunk in the face-off. Then, however, exactly the ball and the pocket must be announced for the next shot. If the player succeeds in fulfilling the announcement – sinking the announced ball into the announced pocket – he may continue the game. If all own balls are pocketed, the player may play the 8 ball. If he sinks this too, he wins the game.

Player change

The change to the other player occurs when

• a player fails to pocket a ball
• if one of the opponent’s balls is pocketed instead of one’s own ball
  the white cue ball is pocketed with a ball
• when the black ball is played correctly but not pocketed
• the black ball is pocketed too early before all of your own balls are pocketed, the player automatically
• loses the game.

Billiard fouls

A foul is when basic billiard rules are violated. If there are 3 fouls, a player automatically loses. Examples of fouls are:

• Short gang
• The white billiard ball must always roll at least halfway across the table. If she doesn’t, it’s a foul
• Wrong object ball
• If the cue ball first touches an opponent’s object ball instead of one’s own object ball (full or half), then that is a foul.
• ball touched
• Billiard balls in play must never be touched with hands, it is a foul.
• Ball falls off the table
• If, during a faceoff, the cue ball or any other ball falls off the table, it is considered a foul.

Resumption of play after fouls

Foul on faceoff: The opposing player can place the cue ball anywhere in the headcourt and play any ball outside of the headcourt.
Foul in play: The opposing player can place the cue ball anywhere on the table.
If colored balls fall off the table, they are placed on the foot spot if possible. If this is not possible because several balls have to be placed or the base is occupied, the balls are placed on the line between the base and the short cushion.

Billiards at home

If you want to play billiards at home, you need a lot of space. How big this should be depends on the size of your table.

table size	Recommended minimum room size
8 feet	425cm x 315cm
9 feet	455cm x 330cm

The main reason for the large room dimensions is the cue, because you need space at the back to be able to use it!

By what other names is billiards known?

Other names for the popular “pub game” are: pool billiards, snooker, but also carom, Russian or English billiards and bowling billiards.

What is the name of the billiard balls?

The classic names are “billiard balls” or billiard balls.

What is the difference between the billiard balls?

The billiard balls are divided into two categories: those that you are allowed to touch with your cue and those that are not. The colors make the statement about which discipline you play.

What is the difference between snooker and pool?

The difference lies in the size of the table and balls: the snooker table is twelve feet long by six feet wide by nine feet KL. The snooker balls have a smaller diameter.

What role does the 8 ball play in billiards?

The task of the number 8 black ball is to end the game. Either because she is the last ball on the table or because a foul is initiated in which she has a hand.

How many balls are there in billiards?

You play pool billiards with 15 balls plus the white and black ones. You play snooker with 21 balls.

How do you hold the cue correctly?

To hit a ball you need the cue. You place this between your thumb and forefinger so that it “slips through” when you give it a push with your other hand, which you position at the back.

Why do some people get black billiard ball tattoos?

The ball has become a symbol of risk taking and destiny. In billiards language, this means: Every player is aware of the premature end of a thing if the black ball is not pocketed last.

When was billiards invented?

The earliest recorded playing of a recognisable form of billiards was in France in the 1340s. Played as an outdoor lawn game similar to croquet, it eventually moved indoors and onto a wooden table with green cloth to resemble grass on which it had been previously played.

How to clean billiard balls

Is billiards a sport?

Billiards is a sport, and you can play different games within the sport: eight- ball, nine- ball, three ball, one pocket and bank pool. Pocket Billiards has been declared a Sport by the Olympic Committee.

Badminton is one of the most popular outdoor leisure activities because you don’t need a lot of equipment: you just need a racquet, a shuttlecock, and a little space in a meadow or yard. Furthermore, there is no age limit to play it and the badminton game rules are very simple. Happy about a game that is fun for everyone who wants to exercise and who is not primarily concerned with winning.

If you want to play a round, you can get information from us about everything that concerns this beautiful sports game.

Basic information about badminton and its history

Basically, two people play, but it is also possible to swing the rackets with even more players.

Shuttlecock is similar to the competitive sport of badminton. No wonder, because there is a common history: In the new federal states of Germany during the GDR era and in Austria, badminton was introduced under the name “Federball”. Only later did the correct international term for this sport prevail.

Content and design

Badminton is usually played by two players. There are a number of options for the game itself. Most of the time it’s just a matter of keeping the ball in the air and bouncing it back and forth as many times as possible without it hitting the ground. Other variants follow a competitive game where the ball has to be played over a string. The length of the game is arbitrary, as is its intensity, which mainly depends on the speed and stamina of the respective players. Although badminton shuttlecocks are susceptible to wind, badminton is mainly played outdoors.

Racket and ball

The equipment corresponds to that of badminton. However, the ball and racquets for badminton do not have to be as high quality as for the competitive sport. A badminton racket is light and weighs no more than 80 to 120 grams. This means that even beginners can easily handle this racket. The inexpensive badminton racket consists of a batting head and shaft as a connected T-piece. More demanding models distinguish between head-heavy racquets for defensive players, top-heavy racquets for attacking players and balanced racquets for all-rounders. A variety of shot types are possible, such as smash and drop shot.

A shuttlecock weighs between 4.73 and 5.50 grams and is usually made of plastic, but there are also natural shuttlecocks. A special feature is the trajectory of a shuttlecock, which does not correspond to the usual throwing parabola. A shuttlecock reaches its maximum flight distance at a starting angle of around 20 degrees and not at 45 degrees. At the end of its trajectory, a shuttlecock falls almost vertically to the ground after only 10 to 15 meters.

Badminton Game Rules

There is no fixed set of rules for badminton or a fixed description of what the court should look like. Based on badminton, the ideal playing field would be approximately 13 meters long and 6 meters wide. But badminton can be played anywhere on a sufficiently large area in the garden, on the beach or in the park. Neither a net nor a field with boundary lines is necessary.

Badminton is usually played by two players, but several players can easily be involved, for example in a game in a circle formation. Badminton is not necessarily tied to the idea of ​​a rectangular playing field.

Pros and cons

Per	cons
inexpensive	You need a certain minimum amount of space inside
no sportswear, field or net needed	Wind hinders the game
sporting activity	needs some practice
ideal as an introductory and/or group game	Sore muscles, with inexperienced players: inside
simple rules
Fun for all ages
makes a lot of fun

How do you play badminton correctly?

• Always hit the shuttlecock at the highest point of its trajectory.
• Balance and central position.
• Always aim for the center of the shuttlecock.
• The game decides forwards and backwards.
• Vary your serves and fool your opponent.
• Master your footwork.
• Never give up.

Is badminton difficult?

Badminton is special because it is easy to learn but difficult to master. In this sport, too, there are players who play at different levels. Some people probably don’t even know the objective of the game.

What do you need to play badminton?

For badminton you essentially need a racket with grip tape, the appropriate stringing and shuttlecocks. Badminton specific apparel and accessories are available but not essential. For starters, “standard” sportswear and indoor shoes are sufficient.

How do you serve in badminton?

In badminton, it is important to make sure that you don’t just hit out of your forearm, but make a throwing movement with your whole arm. Hold the racquet at a slight angle and rotate the racquet (like a helicopter) towards your head as you hit.

What is not allowed in badminton?

When a player touches the net with a stick, body, or clothing before the ball is on the ground. when in doubles both players touch the ball one after the other. when the server does not touch the ground with any part of both feet at all times until the serve is made.

What are the lines in badminton called?

In singles, the field is bounded by the back line, the base line, and the inside side line. The inner sideline serves as the service line. The outer line is the limit for doubles and mixed.

What is badminton good for?

Badminton helps reduce the risk of heart and lung disease because the breathing and heart rates are high when it is played. The cardiovascular system is strengthened and you stay healthy longer. In addition, exercise also lowers blood sugar.

How long is a badminton game?

Badminton is not played according to time. There is a maximum of three sentences. A game can last up to an hour.

How long is a set in badminton?

3 x 21. Two winning sets of 21 points each, whereby a lead of at least two points must be achieved at the end of the set. If the score is 21:20, play continues until one side has a two-point lead – but no more than 30 points. At 29:29 the next point leads to winning the set.

What is badminton simply explained?

The ball sport badminton is a racket game that is played with a shuttlecock and one badminton racket per person. The players try to hit the ball over a net in such a way that the opposing side cannot return it according to the rules.

Is badminton easy?

It should also be remembered that badminton is very accessible to new players. Badminton is special because it is easy to learn but difficult to master. In this sport, too, there are players who play at different levels.

What is a set in badminton?

A side has won a set if it is the first to reach 21 points and has at least 2 points more than the opposing side. At 21:20 the game is extended until one side leads by 2 points (up to a maximum of 30 points). A set result of 30:29 is therefore possible.

What is the name of the ball in badminton?

The ball used in badminton and badminton is commonly referred to as shuttlecock or shuttle-cock, German as badminton. There are two different types of shuttlecocks, natural shuttlecocks and plastic shuttlecocks (also known as nylon shuttlecocks).

What muscles do you need in badminton?

During a game of badminton, almost all of the muscles in your body are working. The lower limbs, including the thighs and buttocks, as well as the trunk and abdominal muscles, are particularly stressed.

Who starts badminton?

It is played from two winning sets up to 21 points per set. If the number of points is the same, play continues until one side has a two-point lead. This means that if the score is 28:28, the team that is the first to play two points in a row wins, i.e. 30:28. The player who wins the set begins the next.

Cricket rules simply explained – and more information

Fancy a game of cricket? Then let us explain to you how to play it correctly. For your next game, we give you the cricket rules here, which we explain in detail so that there are no misunderstandings during the game. You will also get more exciting information about this great sport from us.

What is cricket?

General information about the game

Cricket is one of the sports games, more precisely one of the ball or volleyball games. In this game you need two teams that compete against each other and like the combination of hitting, catching and running.

While it doesn’t get much hype here in Germany, cricket is one of the most respected sports in England and has a long tradition. While it’s not known exactly how long this sport has been around, it can be traced back to 1300. Cricket is characterized above all by patience and tactical intelligence, but also by the idea of ​​fair play, in which origin no longer plays a role. At that time, it was mainly the landed gentry who played, but they quickly brought in the common people and organized games together. This was a real revolution at the time, which quickly generated enthusiasm and found imitators.

Principles of Cricket

• Respect the opponent, the referee, captain and the team
• Respect the tradition and rules of this sport
• Do not criticize the referee’s decisions
• Don’t insult anyone
• Play fair and sporty
• As captain, it is your responsibility to intervene if your team behaves against policy

Goal of the game

To win, you need more points than the opposing team. Depending on their positioning, each team temporarily has a different goal.

The pitcher on the fielding team tries to hit and destroy the wicket, while the batter tries to hit the ball as far down the field as possible to score as many points on his run as possible.

Cricket Basics

Team

Each of the two teams needs 11 players. One team plays as a so-called field party, the other as a batting party, with two players from the two teams “opposing” each other (one throws, the other hits).

Gear

For the game you need:

• a ball
• Bat (cricket bat)
• Wickets (goals)

For your personal equipment you need:

• Pads
• Jockstrap (abdomen protection)
• solid shoes

If you’re playing privately, you don’t need jerseys, but it helps if you put something together that makes it easier for you to identify yourself.

Matchfield

You play cricket on a large oval area, in the middle of which is the short-mowed, flat so-called pitch lane. This is 20.12 meters long and between 2 and 3 meters wide.

Lineup

You set up 2 referees on the field. There are also two batsman and the field team, consisting of bowler, wicketkeeper and nine other fielders.

The fielders are set up in such a way that they both prevent runs and cause dismissals.

At the end of each over, a new bowler throws from the other end of the pitch and fielders and empires must redeploy.

How do I play cricket?

The game and process

At the beginning of the game, the captains of the two teams toss a coin for the right to bat, but you can also agree otherwise.

The field players take their positions. Only two batsmen are on the field at any one time.

The striker is the striker and assumes the striking stance to block the first throw. The non-striker stands at the bottom of the pitch.

The bowler throws the ball at the stiker’s wicket, who tries to hit it and hit it with full power as far as possible.

There are two possibilities:

Either the bowler takes the wicket (1st),
the bowler misses, then the striker catches the ball (2.)
In case (1.) the two batsmen can start running. If the striker hits the ball into the field and then rolls it out, this counts as 4 points (runs).

(2.) If he hits directly into the ball, it counts as 6 points (runs).

Once the ball has been thrown, the two teams go about their respective business: the fielding team tries to get the ball and take a wicket as quickly as possible.

The batting team or bat begins its run as long as the ball is not back in field team possession, earning points.

During the run it can happen that either the wicket is hit while the bat is still in transit or the ball is caught out of the air. In both cases it means the end for the racket, which then exchanges for one of its teammates.

Who is cricket suitable for?

Cricket is suitable if you like sports games that involve movement and team spirit.

How many players can play cricket?

You play with two teams, each consisting of 11 players.

In which countries is cricket a national sport?

In England, cricket is the national sport, while in Germany it is not as well known and popular. It is now also popular in South Africa, India, Australia and Pakistan.

What is the difference between baseball and cricket?

Unlike baseball, in cricket you can also hit the ball backwards, forwards and sideways. This gives you the opportunity to pack more runs.

Is cricket an Olympic sport?

No, not so far. The sport was once able to make it to the Olympics, but it has not yet been taken up regularly.

What game is cricket?

It is a ball or batter sport or team sport.

Horseshoes: Known but not widely used

Are you looking for a cool game that “not everyone” plays? Then you’re definitely on the right track with the sports game “Hofshoe Throwing”, because even if many know the fun from hearsay, it ekes out a life in the background of the game world. Is that justified? We asked ourselves that too and not only explain the game to you here, but have also compiled other exciting information that will surprise you.

This is how you play horseshoe throwing

If you play for yourself privately, you have the freedom to choose how you design your game and scoring system.

Get the game started

You need at least two players or teams to compete against each other. How many players or teams participate is up to you. The more participants, the longer and more exciting the horseshoe throwing will be.

Gameplay

The rules are relatively simple: Whoever has a turn throws the horseshoe around a metal rod and tries to score as many points as possible. You take turns playing.

Points

A horseshoe that lands on the staff is worth three points. If both throwers throw such a “ringer” at the same time, there is no scoring. On each round, the horseshoe scored on the
closest to the staff, one point.

Everything comes to an end

Whoever reaches 21 points first wins.

THIS is what you should know about horseshoe throwing

Even if you don’t want to believe it: there is a German championship in horseshoe throwing.

Following the example of the American field workers, who carried out the horseshoe throwing as a small competition, country and western fans adopted it in order to feel as “belonging” as possible. In various regions it is an integral part of club sport and is trained and held in two disciplines. Qualifying competitions are held within the clubs in order to then send the beaming winners to the championship.

German discipline vs. American discipline

In Germany, the female participants throw on an equal footing with the male from the same distance. Both groups are 9 meters, while the American discipline is 8.27 meters for the women and 11.27 meters for the men.

What is the object of the game horseshoes?

The object of the game is to score points. Points are scored by throwing your horseshoes close to the stake.

How do you throw a horseshoe for beginners?

How do you score points in horseshoes?

If you get a horseshoe around a stake, you earn three points. If your horseshoe leans against the stake but doesn’t encircle it, you earn one point. Any other horseshoe that lands within six inches of a stake also earns one point.

What’s the best way to throw a horseshoe?

Where do you stand when pitching horseshoes?

Always pitch from the same side of the stake at both ends of the court, i.e., if you stand to the left of the stake at the south end of the court, stand on the left at the north end. One of the most popular methods of stance is with the left foot six or eight inches back of the right.

How many horseshoes do you throw?

Horseshoes is a lawn game played between two people (or two teams of two people) using four horseshoes and two throwing targets (stakes) set in a lawn or sandbox area. The game is played by the players alternating turns tossing horseshoes at stakes in the ground, which are traditionally placed 40 feet (12 m) apart.

How do you flip a horseshoe?

What is a ringer breaker on a horseshoe?

The ringer beaker causes the horseshoe to spin when hitting the stake which stops the horseshoe from bouncing off. Pitching ringers is hard enough the last thing you want is for it to bounce back off.

How far apart are the stakes in horseshoes?

Stakes are placed 40 feet apart. 2. Stakes should extend 14 to 15 inches above the pit surface.

How do pros throw horseshoes?

American football or football comes from the United States and is the most popular variant of the so-called gridiron football sports. Therefore, all technical terms related to this sport are kept in English. Despite some parallels, this ball sport has very little to do with football, which is popular in Europe. American football is more closely related to rugby and Canadian football.

Fundamentals

The basic idea of ​​American football is to gain space on the limited field. There are two teams of eleven players each trying to score the most points in a game. A game consists of four quarters of 12 or 15 minutes.

Points can be scored in different numbers in different ways in the game, for example by bringing the cue ball into the opponent’s end zone. The attacking team (offense) can throw the ball (passing) or run (rushing, running) into the opposing area and score there with a touchdown or a so-called field goal. The offense has four attempts to gain at least ten yards.

The defending team (defense) must at least prevent the offense from doing so or gain possession of the ball. If the offense manages to attack, it gets four new tries. If the ball goes to the defense, the offense loses the right to attack the opponents. If the defense can push the attackers back into their own end zone, there are also points. At the end of the game, the team with the most points wins.

Origin and rules

First played in 1869, this sport was initially only available at universities such as Princeton, Harvard and Yale. Until about 1920 and the formation of the National Football League (NFL), American football was considered college football, organized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

However, at that time the rules did not include protection for the players and there was no protective clothing. When American football claimed 18 lives in 1905, new rules and security measures came into use on the initiative of US President Theodore Roosevelt. The current set of rules can be traced back to 1912 and is modified almost every year.

There are also slightly different rules in the different American football organizations. In the amateur field and in the world association International Federation of American Football (IFAF), the so-called NCAA rules apply. However, the US professional league National Football League (NFL) has partially different rules. In Europe, too, the specifications usually differ somewhat, as many games take place on football pitches.

In 1932 there was a demonstration of American football at the Olympics. However, it wasn’t until 2013 before the International Olympic Committee recognized American football as a sport.

NFC, AFC, and Super Bowl

There are 32 teams in this highest US American football league. These are divided into the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). In preparation for the actual season, in the so-called preseason, only test matches are played. The regular season after that lasts 17 weeks. During that time, each team plays 16 times to qualify for the playoffs.

Only the best teams make it to the playoffs, the knockout stages of American football. In the play-offs, the four division winners and two other best teams from each conference, the so-called wildcard teams, compete against each other.
The respective champions of the AFC and NFC, more precisely the two winners from the finals of the NFC Conference and AFC Conferencem contest the final (Super Bowl).

American football elements

Matchfield

The American football field is 100 yards long and 53.3 yards wide. Since a yard is about 90 centimeters, the actual field between the goal lines is about 91.4 by 48.7 meters. The ground in the stadiums consists of artificial or natural grass; Chalk lines mark the zones and yards.

The end zones behind the goal lines are each 10 yards long and have cross lines drawn in every five yards. Here a player can score 6 points with a touchdown. At the end of the field are the goalposts through which a kicker must hit the ball. So-called hashmarks and sidelines form the lateral markings of the yards. Before the start of the game and during breaks, the team and trainer (coach) must be in the specially marked team zone outside the field (bench area).

Game time

The playing time in American football is 4 times 15 minutes with a change of sides after the first and third quarters (quarters). In amateur sports there are also games with 4 times 12 minutes. This is net playing time with no possibility of overtime. Whenever the game is interrupted, the time is also stopped.

The goal

The goal in American football looks like a giant tuning fork. A crossbar is mounted on a post 10 feet above the ground. The two tuning fork rods are 30 feet high. A red flag is placed at the top of the post for better orientation. The kicker kicks the ball with the aim of hitting it right through the tuning fork.

The distance between the two vertical bars differs again depending on the division. In the major leagues it’s 18 feet and 6 inches, in the minor leagues it’s 23 feet and 4 inches.

The ball

The ball resembles a rugby ball in its egg shape, the material can be leather, rubber or simple plastic. Real leather footballs used in the NFL are the most expensive.

Balls made of rubber or plastic dominate in amateur sports. The egg shape is for practical reasons, as balls like this are easier to catch and hold in your hands.

The players’ equipment

The standard equipment for players consists of

• Nylon or spandex football jersey with enough space for the padding. The jerseys must completely cover any protective equipment.
• Football shorts made of nylon or elastane: They reach below the knee and have pockets in which additional padding, for example to protect the tailbone, can be inserted (five-pocket shorts).
• Football helmet with grid-shaped face mask (face mask) and mouth guard: The helmets used to be made of leather, today they are made of sturdy plastic; the face shield can be made of metal or plastic. A thin belt under the chin keeps the helmet in place.
• Belt
• Gloves with padding and sticky palms for better grip to better catch the ball.
• Shoulder pads with neck protection protect the player’s chest, back and shoulders against injuries in the event of a collision.
• Thigh pads and knee pads: Like the shoulder pads, these are a few millimeters thick to protect particularly sensitive areas from injury.
• Socks: These must cover the entire leg and be in contact with the pants.
• Football shoes with pimples

American football terminology

Since the origins of the game are in the English-speaking world, you should learn the English terminology for player positions, gameplay and moves.

• Audible is an order from the quarterback calling the next play
• Backs are all players who are not directly on the line of scrimmage, but slightly behind it.
• Backup is a substitute player who is in the bench area.
• Backfield: All off-line offensive players are in the backfield. Here is also the fixed position of the quarterback.
• Blind Side: The side of the offense that the quarterback is turning away from. Right-handers have their blind side on the left.
• Blind Side Hit: A successful tackle by the quarterback from his blind side. The strongest lineman on offense must protect this side above all.
• Blitz is a defensive play. She tries to get through to the opposing quarterback by adding linebackers and defensive backs
• Blocking is the legal act of putting an opponent in the way
• Center is an important position on the offensive line to protect the quarterback
• Challenge: If the coach disagrees with a referee’s decision, he may request video evidence.
• Chain Crew displays the line to gain on the side of the field and the line of scrimmage.
• Complete Pass is a lawful toss of the ball from one team member to another.
• Cornerback is a defensive position.
• Dead Ball: When a ball is no longer in play, it is referred to as a dead ball.
• Defense tries at the beginning of a play to prevent the offense from winning a point. It’s the team that doesn’t have possession of the ball.
• Defensive Line is the first line of defense consisting of the defenders
• Defensive tackles and defensive ends. The goal is to attack the quarterback directly.
• Down is a play.
• Down by contact means that the player with the ball was brought down by an opponent, ending the play.
• Draw is a play: The quarterback fakes a pass and instead passes the ball to the running back or runs to the opposing end zone himself.
• Drive: A summary of all moves or the entire attack series
• The end zones are the two areas at the end of the field.
• Extra point: But reaching the zone and the touchdown is not enough. Each team has the opportunity to kick directly from the 15-yard line through the two goalposts. Then his team also gets an extra point.
• Facemask is not only the grille on the helmet, but also a foul. A player grabs the grid of another player.
• Fair Catch: A sign of a player not wanting to run forward before catching a punt. So it is not allowed to attack this player. However, if the ball is not caught, it is free and can be picked up.
• Fair Catch Kick: If the player succeeds with his fair catch, his team is allowed to attempt a field goal with the defense a full 10 yards away.
• Field goal is kicking the ball through the goal posts, which scores three points
• First down is the attacking team’s first attempt at a play
• Formation is the formation of a team. An illegal formation is when there are fewer than seven offensive players at the line of scrimmage when the snap occurs.
• Forward Pass is a forward pass that can only be performed once per turn.
• Fourth Down: The fourth and final attempt by the offense and if no point is scored, possession changes.
• Fumble happens when the ball falls out of the hands of the player with the ball. The ball is free and can be captured by either team.
• Goalline: The dividing line between the end zone and the rest of the field.
• Guards are players on the offensive linemen.
• Hand-off is passing the ball without a pass.
• Haily Mary: A very long pass to the end zone, which is also caught. If the team is behind on the ball, this is their last chance to get back into the game.
• Handoff: In this play, the ball is handed over and not thrown.
• Holding: If a player without the ball is held by his opponent, this is equivalent to a foul. Only the player with the ball may be stopped.
• Huddle is the gathering of players on the field before a turn.
• Incomplete pass occurs when the receiver loses the ball with their feet out of bounds or the ball otherwise touches the ground.
• Interception is the catching of a ball by a defender.
• Lateral pass is a cross pass that can be thrown as often as you like.
• Line of scrimmage is the line from which each play begins. It always runs where the ball-carrying player was last brought down. This line is displayed by the chain crew.
• Line to Gain: This approximately 10-yard distance must be covered for the attacking team to be awarded a first down again. This line is displayed by the chain crew.
• Live Ball is a ball that is still in play and teams can compete for it.
• Man in motion is the offense player who is the only one allowed to move in front of the line.
• Muff: The ball is not caught after a punt, but only touched lightly and is then free again.
• Offense is the attacking team.
• Offensive Linemen: These five players are directly in front of the quarterback: centers, guards, and tackles.
• Offside is a defensive offside situation when a player is in the neutral zone.
• Out of Bounds is the area outside the field of play.
• Pass is a ball toss to another player. At the beginning of a play, this is often the quarterback’s pass to another player. The receiver must catch the ball and not drop it. Also, NFL rules require both feet to be in the field. The receiver may fall to the ground when catching, but the ball may not touch the ground.
• Penalty Flag is a yellow cloth used by referees to indicate a rule violation. The location of the violation is marked and the clock is stopped.
• Play is a move.
• Play Clock is the clock that shows how much time can elapse between two turns. Depending on the game situation, it is always 40 or 25 seconds in professional games.
• Punt is a kick against the ball before it hits the ground. The so-called
• Punters are players who specialize in this task.
• Quarterback is an important player position, catching the ball after the snap and starting the play.
• Quarter: One of the four periods of a football match.
• Receiver / Reception: A receiver or wide receiver catches the ball after a pass, reception is the catch itself.
• Red Flag is a red flag thrown by the coach to signal a challenge.
• The red zone is from the 20 yard line to the end zone. If the offense has possession in this area, the probability of scoring also increases.
• Running backs are players whose primary role is to run (halfbacks, fullbacks).
• Sack: When the quarterback is knocked down behind the line of scrimmage at the start of a play.
• Safety is a special form of winning points and, as safeties, also a position to intercept passes.
• Scramble: When the quarterback runs with the ball himself.
• Snap is the passing of the ball from the center to the quarterback and thus the beginning of each play. The snap is most commonly performed one-handed, passing the ball off the ground through the center’s legs directly into the hands of the quarterback.
• Tackle is a legal knocking down of a player.
• Tackles are the farthest players on the offensive line.
• Time Out: Each team gets three time outs per half time (for two quarters), the clock is stopped for this. If a coach loses a challenge, the team will be deducted a time out.
• Touchdown: If the ball is captured or caught in the opponent’s end zone, or if a player runs into the opponent’s end zone with the ball in hand, this is a touchdown.
• Trick play are surprising moves that take your opponent by surprise.
• Try is an attempt, such as for a kick or a down.
• Turnover is a change in possession of the ball.
• Forward Pass or Forward Pass may only be played once per play. If the discharging player crosses the line of scrimmage, a forward pass is not allowed.
• Wide receiver is a player waiting on the sidelines of the field to catch a forward pass and then reach the end zone.

The players in attack

Quarterback

This is the playmaker who catches the ball from the center player right after the snap. The quarterback usually implements the plays suggested by the coach, but can also make adjustments. A quarterback needs a high tactical understanding of the game, so they are usually experienced players. The quarterback doesn’t hold the ball for long and immediately passes it back to either a receiver or a running back.

Offensive Linemen

These five players directly in front of the quarterback protect him from the opposing team’s defensive players. The center is in the center, next to them are two so-called guards and two tackles on the very outside. Centers, guards and tackles also have the task of clearing any running paths. However, none of these five players are allowed to receive passes.

Running backs

are ball carriers whose job it is to grab the ball and run. There are halfbacks that are more agile and fullbacks that are a bit heavier, and they are also not that easy to bring down. However, a halfback can run faster, which is why the fullback often serves as a blocker for the halfback.

Receivers

The receiver or wide receiver is waiting slightly on the outside of the field for a pass from the quarterback. The idea for the ideal case is that he gets the ball and runs past the defense and scores a touchdown, which rarely happens. The wide receiver is usually the fastest player on the team.

The players in defense

Defensive linemen

The counterpart to the offensive linemen, mostly large and heavy players who should completely overthrow the quarterback or at least prevent him from building up the game. The center and the path for a running back of the opponent should also be blocked. The defensive tackles are in the middle of the line, the more agile defensive ends in the outer areas.

Linebacker

The quarterback equivalent stands behind the defensive linemen. Designed to stop running backs, this player is both agile and strong. Safeties and cornerbacks support the linebacker to block the attackers’ moves.

Safeties and cornerbacks

These player positions are the defensive backs with cornerbacks as a defense against a typical passing game. Behind it are the safeties as a kind of safety net to stop running backs breaking through the defensive line.

Offense and defense rights are swapped if a first down is no longer possible before a fourth attempt and no field goal is scored. The offensive team then kicks the ball from their own hands into the opponent’s court. The right to attack also changes when the attacking player drops the ball or the defensive team intercepts the ball (called interception).

Game start and game progress

Kick off

A coin toss determines who gets the ball first. The defending team kicks off from their own 35 yard line. The goal is to get the ball as far into the opponent’s half as possible.
The offense must catch the ball and carry it back towards the kick-off point. The defense must prevent this attack. At the point where the defense succeeds and the offense stops, the series of downs begins.

Series Of Downs

The offense must cover a distance of at least 10 yards or 30 feet within four downs. The football can be thrown to gain space or brought forward while running. During the run, other players from your own team ensure that the defenders are out of the way.

The throw pass is executed by the quarterback; he takes a few steps back and then throws the ball to a teammate (pass). This teammate (receiver) must catch the ball before it hits the ground.

The next down occurs at the point where the run player was stopped.
If at least 10 yards are successfully rushed, the offense team gets four more down attempts.

Scoring

The aim of the American Football game is to score more points than the opposing team during the playing time. A team can gain points in different ways.

• Touchdown: Here the ball is transported over the field by a run or a pass over the opposing end zone. The touchdown scores six points. The team that scored by touchdown gets a new try from the 3-yard line.
• Point after Touchdown or Extra Point: As a touchdown bonus, the offense team has the opportunity to kick the ball between the two posts of the goal post. The distance is around 10 yards. 1 point
• Conversion: Another touchdown after a try brings 2 points.
• Field Goal: If a third try does not result in a first down or a touchdown, the offense team is free to score a field goal. This must be attempted on the fourth try. The kick must propel the ball into the top half of the goal. Pro players create a field goal from distances of about 40 to 50 yards. 3 points
• Safety: If the offensive player is stopped in the opposing zone, points are awarded to the defense team. The ball must be kicked back to the attacking team from their own 20-yard line. 2 points

Referee

In American football, there are four to seven umpires in each game.
The head umpire (whitecap) stands behind the offense, administering penalties and overseeing the four downs.

The umpire is either between or behind the linebackers on the middle of the defensive line. His job is also to position the ball for the next move.

The linesman oversees the correct execution of the line to gain by the chain crew, and the line judge oversees the forward movement of the offense toward or over the line to gain.
Back Judge, Field Judge and Side Judge operate at the back of the field. They monitor the validity of passes and also possible fouls.

Fouls and Penalties

If a violation of the rules or a foul is determined, the referees signal this with a yellow flag. However, fouls are only dealt with after a current play.

Examples of fouls include pinning an opponent without possession, offside, facemask, clipping, and chop block. The latter means that a player may only be tripped in a small clipping zone below the waistline. The region from the knee down is a taboo zone. A chop block means that one player is attacking below the waistline and another player is attacking above it at the same time. Spearing is also a clear major foul. Here, a player uses his helmet and throws himself outstretched like a spear at an opponent.

Fouls are usually penalized with a loss of space of 5, 10 or even 15 yards. Further penalties are the assignment of a new first down (four attempts to attack), loss of the right to attack or even the expulsion of the fouling player. In the case of fouls, the accused team can contest a referee’s decision and the play can be valid or repeated (challenge).

When was American football invented?

American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of soccer and rugby. The first American football match was played on November 6, 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton, using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time.

Who invented American football?

Walter Camp is considered the “founder” of American football. Camp was an accomplished rugby player from Yale University who began to transform the rules of rugby for a more ‘modern’ style of play, which eventually developed into the sport of football during the 1880s.

Where did American football originate?

On November 6, 1869, players from Princeton and Rutgers held the first intercollegiate football contest in New Brunswick, New Jersey, playing a soccer-style game with rules adapted from the London Football Association.

What shape is an American football?

A football, however, owes its two-dimensional origin to the ellipse rather than the circle, giving the pigskin its prolate spheroid shape, which has a polar axis that is greater than its equatorial diameter. Thanks to its elongated nature, a football will spiral when thrown properly.

Who won the first American intercollegiate football game?

Rutgers and New Jersey (later known as Princeton) faced off in what is considered to be the first American football game ever played on Nov. 6, 1869. The game took place in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with an audience of about 100 on hand, according to Rutgers. Rutgers won 6-4.

Who was the first African American football player?

In 1920, Fritz Pollard became the first African-American to play in the NFL during its formative years.

Paul Fallen, microsoft co-founder: which American football team?

Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft, owns the NFL’s Seattle Seahawks.

What British game did American and Canadian football grow from?

Rugby football was introduced to North America in Canada by the British Army garrison in Montreal, which played a series of games with McGill University. In 1874, the United States’ Harvard University hosted Canada’s McGill University to play the new game derived from rugby football in a home-and-home series.

When did American football start?

September 17, 1920, Canton, Ohio, United States

What is the alliance of American football?

The Alliance of American Football (AAF) was a professional American football minor league. The AAF consisted of eight centrally owned and operated teams in the southern and western United States, seven of which were located in metropolitan areas with at least one major professional sports franchise.

What is the highlight of the 2022 World Cup? The tournament will be held for the first time in winter. That depends on the venue. The game is played in the desert state of Qatar. This is because it would have been too hot during the summer months to hold the 22nd edition of the World Cup. Therefore, the first game, Senegal vs. Netherlands, kicks off at 11am (CET) on 21 November; it is the host’s turn at 5pm (CET) on the same day. Qatar meets Ecuador in the first game. The final will be held on the fourth Sunday in Advent, December 18 at 4 p.m. (CET).

Except for the changed period, are there other rules to be observed when the games take place in the desert state or are there hardly any differences to the 2018 World Cup?

The 2022 World Cup in Qatar – a short summary

• 32 teams are taking part in the World Cup, 13 of which are from Europe
• The teams will compete in eight groups of four teams each
• In the preliminary round, each national team plays three games
• The first and second in the group advance to the round of 16
• In knockout mode, there is a 30-minute overtime (2 x 15 minutes) after 90 minutes, followed by a penalty shoot-out
• Five substitutions are allowed
• If the player receives two yellow cards, he is automatically banned for the next game.

Who goes up if there is a tie?

The group stage always promises pure excitement when the teams compete against each other. Especially with a view to the last day of the group games, there can always be exciting encounters and results. For example, when two teams with the same number of points are in the same place in the table. Who then qualifies for knockout mode?

According to FIFA, there is a clear set of rules that says first the goal difference is taken into account, then the goals scored and then the result between the two teams that are equal on points. Finally, if all the details are equal, the coin toss decides.

The favourites

While Qatar hosts Group A, Germany, who were world champions in Brazil in 2014 and didn’t even make it through the group stage as defending champions in 2018, are in Group E. The Germans meet Japan, Costa Rica and Spain. If you want to bet without Oasis, you should look around on the Internet for the right provider – according to the bookmaker, the Brazilians are the favorites for the title.

But who still has a chance of becoming world champion in winter? Vice-European champions England must not be ignored under any circumstances; the 2018 world champion, France, will also want to have a say when it comes to the title. In addition to Argentina, the Spaniards and the Germans are also among the title contenders.

Is offside detection used?

It also becomes interesting when you look at the referees who will be in charge of the games in Qatar. Because in addition to goal-line technology and video evidence, a new technology could also be used during the World Cup – semi-automatic offside detection, which was developed by the Hawk-Eye company. However, FIFA has not yet provided any information as to whether this system will be used during the World Cup or not.

Even if the referees are supported with technical aids, it must of course be assumed that there will be decisions that the fans will not be able to understand. There can’t be so many technical aids that football is completely error-free here – and that’s exactly what the football game is all about in the end.

Highlights during the group stage

In the end, you can look forward to an interesting tournament that takes place at an unusual time of year, but in the end promises some encounters that could definitely become a highlight – even in the preliminary round. For example, when Qatar meets the Netherlands in the third group game, England meets the USA and the USA also have to play Iran. But Spain against Germany also promises excitement – ​​as well as France against Denmark and Portugal against Uruguay.

How does World Cup 2022 Playoffs work?

There are still three free places for the 2022 World Cup, which will be awarded in the playoffs. The three places are allocated in three “groups” each. Four teams play for one place each. In order to be allowed to take part in the 2022 World Cup, both the “semifinals” and the “finals” must be won.

How does the 2022 World Cup qualifying work?

How was the process? The teams were divided into ten groups of five or six (the four finalists of the 2021 UEFA Nations League – Belgium, France, Italy, Spain – were in the smaller groups). The ten group winners qualified for the World Cup.

How is the World Cup mode?

Each team plays every other team in their group once. The last two games of each group must be played simultaneously. A win equals three points, a draw equals one and a loss equals zero points.

Who advances World Cup 2022 group stage?

In which World Cup group 2022 does Germany play? In the 2022 World Cup group draw, Germany was drawn from pot 2 into World Cup Group E. There Germany meets the national teams of Spain, Japan and Costa Rica or New Zealand. The World Cup playoff game between the two nations will not take place until June 2022.

Which country has been world champion twice but only once in the final?

Uruguay’s national soccer team has already won the World Cup twice – and has only reached a World Cup final once.

Who else is coming to the 2022 World Cup?

Spain, Serbia, Croatia, Switzerland, England and the Netherlands bought their ticket to the final round of the World Cup in Qatar (November 21 to December 18, 2022) on the last day of the European World Cup qualifiers.

Who is not in the 2022 World Cup?

In addition to Italy, the national teams Austria, Turkey, Sweden, Norway, Egypt, Nigeria, Colombia and Chile are missing from the 2022 World Cup.

Which teams are not at the 2022 World Cup?

Russia was banned from UEFA’s World Cup playoffs because of the war in Ukraine. The Path A play-off semi-final between Scotland and Ukraine was also moved to June and with it the final against Wales, which beat Austria.

SOUTH AMERICA:

• Brazil.
• Argentina.
• Uruguay.
• Ecuador.