On January 15, 1622 – 400 years ago – Molière was born. Who was the man who shaped European theater like no one else? A portrait.
Celebration day for one of the greats of French culture, the one who shaped the French language and at the same time European theater like no one else: Molière. He was already a superstar during his lifetime, but at the same time he was fiercely opposed by both the clergy and the competition.
Timeless plays
We of today live in a completely different time; but pieces like “Tartuffe”, “The Miser” and above all “The Imaginary Sick” are considered timelessly funny and are always played – and seen – with pleasure.
His life was work, hard work for easy play:
“In serious plays it suffices, without embarrassing oneself in the least, to formulate important things well; for the likes of us that is not enough. We have to amuse, and it is a tricky business to make people of taste laugh.”
Moliere
Molière, baptized Jean-Baptiste Poquelin in Paris on January 15, 1622, was a master at this tricky thing. People in their merriment and ridiculousness can only be portrayed by those who really know them. Molière knew the people – normal people with all their idiosyncrasies. For thirteen years he had traveled all over the country with a traveling theater company, as an actor and soon also as a theater director. Perhaps those years of wandering were even the happiest times of his life. Charles d’Assoucy, one of the itinerant comedians, later recalled: “Since a man is never poor so long as he has friends and I had Molière as a mentor, I lived, defying the devil, prosperously and contentedly as never before”.
The desire for the word spectacle and the punch line
Even the early pieces that Molière wrote during this period – not so much out of an inner artistic urge, by the way, but for the very practical reason that the group’s repertoire was simply too small and the pieces by other authors failed far too often – are overflowing with his lust for the spectacle of words, his lust for the punch line. One can hardly say that his work is dramaturgically or even literary overly attractive. But he, mon Dieu, had ideas like hardly anyone else, as a quote from the one-act play “The Jealousy of the Anxious” proves:
“So you take me for a man who wants to make money, for an interest hunter, a shopkeeper’s soul? Listen then, my friend: if you gave me a purse, filled to the brim with gold pieces, and this purse would be in a richly decorated box and this box in a precious case, and this case in a wonderful chest, and this chest would be in a mysterious bay, and this bay would be in a beautiful room, and this room in a spacious apartment, and this apartment in a pompous castle, and this castle in an impregnable one fortress and this fortress in a famous city and this city on a fertile island and this island in a swanky province and that province in a flourishing monarchy and that monarchy encompassed the whole world – and you would give me the world in which this flourishing monarchy and in it this ostentatious province and in it the fertile island and in it the impregnable fortress and dar into this pompous castle and in it this spacious apartment and in it this wonderful room and in it the mysterious bay window and in it the wonderful chest and in it the precious case and in it the decorated box in which the purse was located, full of gold pieces – I would look around don’t care about your money any more than you care about yourself, namely not at all.”
Molière: A daredevil
Molière was a courageous go-getter who was hardly impressed by the authorities of his time – and yet he prided himself on being in the favor of Louis XIV. The Sun King granted the traveling troupe a permanent venue in Paris, first the city palace “Petit Bourbon”, then the “Palais Royal”. That left Molière 15 years before his untimely death at 51. They were filled with the occasional love affair and, otherwise, incessant work. During the day he played what he had written at night. His last comedy was “The Imaginary Invalid”.
Terminally ill, Molière played the imaginary patient – and collapsed on stage at the fourth performance, on February 17, 1673. His old friend d’Assoucy wrote him a touching obituary: “God, what a fate! Molière passed away, who made everyone happy! Farewell, laughter, farewell! Farewell, beloved games!” They are still alive today: laughing with Molière, the joy of playing thanks to Molière.
What was Molière known for?
Molière wrote comedies for the stage. He is the author of enduring plays such as Tartuffe and Le Misanthrope. Many of his plays contained scandalous material. They were met with public outcry and were suppressed by the Roman Catholic Church.
Why did Molière change his name?
In 1643 Molière renounced the hereditary post his father held and chose instead the theater. Since the life of the theater was not considered very respectable, he assumed the name “Molière” in order to spare embarrassment to his family.
Did Molière marry his own daughter?
Around this time, Molière and Madeleine began to live apart; in 1662, he married her beautiful daughter Armande (passed off as Madeleine’s “sister”). Molière’s enemies whispered that Armande, some 20 years younger than the playwright, was his own daughter.
Who was Molière influenced by?
John Root
Pierre Corneille
Plautus
Giordano Bruno
Was Molière buried?
Date of burial: 1817
Place of burial: Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France
Who was molieres wife?
Armande-Grésinde-Claire-Élisabeth Béjart was a French stage actress, also known under her stage name Mademoiselle Molière. She was married to Molière, and one of the most famous actresses in the 17th-century.
Who is Molière’s father?
Jean Poquelin
Why is Molière controversial?
Copies of Molèire’s 1664 script were banned, burned, and lost to history after leaders of the Catholic church condemned the comedy as an attack on religion. In Europe, there had always been a tempestuous relationship between the church and the stage, but Tartuffe arguably set a new precedent.
What are Molière’s plays like?
Plays followed a five-act form. Use of special effects and elaborate staging. Decorum had to be followed: characters were real (e.g. no ghosts) and behaved according to their status. Stories were believable.
What is molieres most famous play?
Tartuffe
1669
The Misanthrope
1666
The Miser
1668
The School for Wives
1662
The Imaginary Invalid
1673
Dom Juan
1665
What is Molière language?
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul.
Born in Athens around 496 BC, died in Athens around 406 BC:
The Greek tragedian came from a wealthy family; he held high offices. 468 BC he became the literary rival of Aeschylus, who was 30 years his senior. The Athenians revered Sophocles as a hero after his death.
Developer of the tragedy
Sophocles introduced important innovations in drama: the number of actors was increased from two to three, the number of chorus members from twelve to fifteen, resulting in greater drama and a more complex plot. At the same time, he placed the human being as an individual at the center of the plot. The tragic appears to him as fate, which is not a punishment for guilt but a sign of the terrible power of the gods and against which man tries in vain to rebel.
Of his 123 dramas, only seven tragedies and one satyr play have survived. Three of his tragedies deal with material from the Oedipus saga: Oedipus the King (before 425 BC), Oedipus at Colonus (listed 401 BC) and Antigone (perhaps 442 BC).
The call for prudence and moderation runs through all of the poet’s works as an ethical postulate. As soon as man gives in to his passions, he contradicts the divine world order and brings about his own downfall.
Aftermath
Since the 16th century the tragic fates of his figures and especially his large female figures repeatedly challenged new adaptations, in the 20th century. by Jean Anouilh, Bertolt Brecht, Eugene O’Neill, Hugo von Hofmannsthal (including libretti for Richard Strauss) and Jean Cocteau.
What is the meaning of Sophocles?
Sophocles exercised a variety of cultic functions. As a priest of the healing hero Halon, he introduced the cult of Asclepius from Epidauros to Athens and took the god into his house until he built his own temenos. Therefore, after death, Sophocles was worshiped as Heros Dexion. He was the founder of a musenthiasos.
Why did Sophocles write Antigone?
antiquity. Sophocles wrote his play Antigone in response to the banishment from Athens of Themistocles, the hero of the naval battle of Salamis. In his work, Sophocles deals with the morally justified rebellion against state order or violence under penalty of one’s own demise.
Why did Oedipus gouge out his eyes?
Oedipus puts out his own eyes because he can no longer face his disgrace and supposed guilt. This tragedy by Sophocles has stirred emotions for centuries and is still regularly performed today.
How should Antigone die?
Creon condemns Antigone to death by burying him alive, even though she is the bride of his son Haimon. She is given some food, otherwise Thebes would be defiled before the gods.
Why is Antigone still relevant today?
On the one hand there are the claims that the state makes on an individual, on the other hand there are the claims that the individual makes on himself. This is also a reason why the characters of Antigone are still very relevant today and Sophocles’ tragedy is a permanent part of the theater world.
What is the name of Creon’s son?
Megareus is a character from Greek mythology. He was a son of Creon and Eurydice and one of the city’s defenders in Aeschylus’ tragedy Seven Against Thebes.
Why does Antigone want to bury her brother?
Antigone tells her sister that King Creon, the new ruler, has forbidden Polynices to be buried. Those who do not keep this law will be punished with death. Despite the threat of death, Antigone is determined to bury her brother, as divine law requires.
How did Creon die?
Theseus marched against Thebes, won a victory, and took the fallen to Eleusis, where they were buried. As a result, Lycus, son of Lycus, came from Euboea to Thebes, murdered Creon and became the tyrant of Thebes.
Who dies in Antigone?
The drama is about the Greek Antigone and her brother Polynices, who dies in a battle. Antigone wants to bury him, but King Creon forbids a burial. Because for him Polynices is a traitor.
Why does Antigone kill herself?
Creon decides to kill Antigone because he believes that she has broken earthly laws. When Ismene, who has rushed to her side, also wants to die out of love for her sister, Antigone rejects this.
What types of literature did sophocles write?
Tragedy
Who was sophocles?
Sophocles was one of the three great Greek tragedians. Of his eight plays (seven full, one fragmented) that remain today, his most famous is Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex), which is known for its impressive construction and use of dramatic devices.
Why does mathew arnold mention sophocles in this excerpt from “dover beach�
Arnold mentions Sophocles in his poem as he knew that even Sophocles was aware about the human misery which he had heard while sitting by the Aegean Sea. Using Sophocles, the speaker wants to express the intense agony and sadness.
What did sophocles do?
Sophocles was an ancient Greek dramatist who lived from about 496 to about 406 BCE. He wrote over 100 plays and was one of the three famous Greek tragedians (along with Aeschylus and Euripides).
What is the role of teiresias the prophet in antigone by sophocles?
Tiresias the prophet serves as the voice of reason in Antigone, telling Creon that the gods are becoming angry with Thebes because of Creon’s actions.
What is sophocles message in oedipus rex?
The moral of the story of Oedipus Rex is that it is impossible to escape one’s fate. Oedipus, the main character, is told his fate by the Oracle of Delphi. Despite doing everything he can to avoid it, Oedipus still ends up fulfilling the prophecy.
Which character from antigone by sophocles is a stock character? creon chorus leader antigone haemon
In the tragedy of Antigone written by Sophocles, a stock character is Teiresias.
What is sophocles message in oedipus the king?
The moral of the story of Oedipus Rex is that it is impossible to escape one’s fate. Oedipus, the main character, is told his fate by the Oracle of Delphi. Despite doing everything he can to avoid it, Oedipus still ends up fulfilling the prophecy.
Ivan Turgenev was the first in Russian literature to study the personality of the “new man”: the 1960s, his moral qualities and psychological characteristics, thanks to him the term “nihilist” was widely used in Russian. He Lawyer of Russian literature and dramaturgy in the West.
When did Ivan Turgenev die?
64 years
Where was Turgenev born?
Place of birth: Oryol, Russia
What were the most relevant works of Ivan Sergueevich?
Perhaps the decade between 1855 and 1865 is the period of greatest fertility in his literary career, as he wrote such important works as Rudin, Nobles’ Nest, Asia, On Eve, First Love, Parents and Children, Smoke or Spring Waters.
Why is Ivan Turgenev famous?
Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883) Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev was a Russian novelist, poet, and playwright known for his realistic, affectionate portrayals of the Russian peasantry and for his penetrating studies of the Russian intelligentsia who were attempting to move the country into a new age.
What did Ivan Turgenev write?
He is celebrated for his novels about intelligents and ideology: Rudin (1856), Nakanune (1860; On the Eve), and Dym (1867; Smoke). His most distinguished work, Ottsy i deti (1862; Fathers and Sons), offers both an evenhanded portrait of the radical nihilists and an allegorical meditation on the conflict of generations.
Why did Ivan Turgenev wrote Fathers and sons?
Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons as a response to the growing cultural schism that he saw between liberals of the 1830s/1840s and the growing nihilist movement. Both the nihilists (the “sons”) and the 1830s liberals (the “fathers”) sought Western-based social change in Russia.
Where is Turgenev buried?
Volkovskoye Orthodox Cemetery, Saint Petersburg, Russia
How do you pronounce Ivan Turgenev?
Why was Turgenev exiled?
Although Turgenev was banished to his estate for breaking censorship regulations, his works influenced Tsar Alexander II to abolish serfdom. Despite Turgenev’s dedication towards freeing the serfs, it should be remembered that he sexually mistreated one of his female serfs when he was young.
Who is the best Russian writer?
Leo Tolstoy is one of the best-known Russian writers, and his novels are considered great classics. He was born in 1828 and lived until 1910. During his lifetime, he penned novels, short stories, plays, and essays.
Where should I start with Turgenev?
Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev.
Torrents of Spring by Ivan Turgenev.
King Lear of the Steppes by Ivan Turgenev.
First Love by Ivan Turgenev.
A Reckless Character and Other Stories by Ivan Turgenev.
Was Turgenev a nihilist?
Turgenev’s nihilism was primarily of a political and social nature in its attempt to negate political authority and class hierarchy. Bazarov succeeded in stimulating individuals to think and be critical of society and tradition, causing many to feel uncomfortable as they flirted with nihilism.
Is it OK to be nihilistic?
You are right to reject it: nihilism is harmful and mistaken. However, it is not an abstruse philosophical irrelevance, because everyone falls into nihilism at least occasionally. I’ll suggest that you may be more nihilistic than you realize, and it may be causing you more trouble than you think.
Do nihilists believe in God?
By rejecting man’s spiritual essence in favor of a solely materialistic one, nihilists denounced God and religious authority as antithetical to freedom.
Who is the father of nihilism?
Nihilism is often associated with the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who provided a detailed diagnosis of nihilism as a widespread phenomenon of Western culture. Though the notion appears frequently throughout Nietzsche’s work, he uses the term in a variety of ways, with different meanings and connotations.
Who is a famous nihilist?
Nihilism has existed in one form or another for hundreds of years, but is usually associated with Friedrich Nietzsche, the 19th century German philosopher (and pessimist of choice for high school kids with undercuts) who proposed that existence is meaningless, moral codes worthless, and God is dead.
Who was the biggest nihilist?
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. German philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi made his name in the late 18th and early 19th century. Jacobi helped popularize the term Nihilism.
What is the opposite of nihilism?
For Camus, the entire purpose of Existential philosophy is to overcome absurdity, or, more accurately, for man to triumph over the absurdity of existence. So Existentialism is the opposite of nihilism: the nihilist says “There is no god, no heaven or hell, so screw it: there can be no right or wrong.
What is the plot of fathers and sons?
Fathers and Sons, novel by Ivan Turgenev, published in 1862 as Ottsy i deti. Quite controversial at the time of its publication, Fathers and Sons concerns the inevitable conflict between generations and between the values of traditionalists and intellectuals.
Are father sons worth reading?
Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons is a true classic and is a strong contender for the first true Russian novel. It has influenced many writers and for that reason alone, you should give it a try.
How long does it take to read Fathers and Sons?
The average reader will spend 5 hours and 4 minutes reading this book at 250 WPM (words per minute).
What is nihilism in Fathers and Sons?
The “nihilist” refuses to take anyone’s word for anything; he can have no alliances and no emotions; he cares no more for one country than for another and accepts only that which is scientifically proven. The purpose of the nihilist is to destroy all the existing institutions and values.
Aristophanes (in Greek Ἀριστοφάνης; Athens, 444 BC-385 BC) was a Greek playwright, the main exponent of the comic genre. He lived during the Peloponnesian War, a time that coincides with the splendor of the Athenian empire and its consequent defeat at the hands of Sparta.
Hardly anything is known about the life of the great comedy writer – the most important source is his own works.
Aristophanes was probably not much older than his rival Eupolis (b. 446); it is generally assumed that Aristophanes lived between about 447 and 386.
His first play was performed in 427 and represented the contrast between old and new education based on two brothers.
Aristophanes had someone else rehearse the piece, a habit that he later happily maintained. In two plays he was represented by his son Araros.
The following year the Athenians got to see Aristophanes’ first political comedy, The Babylonians, at the Dionysia. The chorus, disguised as slaves in hard service at the handmill, presented the federal cities of Athens (in the so-called “Attic Sea League”) – at the Great Dionysia, i.e. in the presence of the envoys of these same cities, which brought Aristophanes a complaint before the council through Cleon .
The lawsuit did not stop Aristophanes from castigating Athens’ striving for power, warmongering and above all the demagogues – above all Cleon – in his comedies.
The last piece he performed himself was 388 Plutos.
Altogether Aristophanes wrote over 40 comedies, only 11 have survived (see below). Aristophanes was the youngest and (perhaps) most important representative of the so-called “Old Comedy”, even if he was less successful during his lifetime (cf. Euripides) than his colleagues and competitors Eupolis and Kratinos.
The rather conservative poet took the themes of his comedy from current political events, from the themes on the market. In addition to the allusions and digs at contemporary celebrities from politics, art and business, the comedies revolve around two essential and long-standing points: Firstly, the Peloponnesian War (431-404) and its consequences for the people of Athens; on the other hand the development of philosophy (and the resulting proto-sciences) and all social effects.
What kind of philosophy towards Aristophanes?
Especially well-known is his animosity towards Socrates, whom he presents in his comedy The Clouds as a demagogue dedicated to instilling all kinds of nonsense in the minds of young people.
Who was Aristophanes and what did he do to Socrates?
He was a Greek comediographer, the main exponent of the comic genre. 444 BC c. 385 BC
Who is Aristophanes?
380 BC C., Greek comic playwright, who lampooned major contemporary figures such as Socrates and Euripides.
Who was Aristophanes of Alexandria?
He was a Greek scholar belonging to the Hellenistic era. He was one of the librarians at Alexandria and teacher of Aristarchus and one of the great specialists in Greek literature. He studied and worked in Alexandria together with Zenodotus of Ephesus and Callimachus.
Who was the creator of comedy?
Molière is considered the creator of modern French comedy. His works are still studied, performed and honored today, proving that they changed French theater forever.
What were the most important works of Aristophanes?
lysistrata
411 BC c.
Clouds
424 BC c.
The Frogs
406 BC c.
The birds
414 BC c.
The assembly…
Peace
421 BC c.
How many plays did Aristophanes make?
The comedies
Comedias
Aristofanes, Comedias
1830
Las once comedias Aristóf
1966
Komedie
Birds
1925
What is the origin of Greek comedy?
This theory remains bolstered by the Greek word komoidía, which means “song of a komos,” and derives from the Greek komos, procession of drunken comparsas who sang and danced in honor of the god of wine, Dionysus (and does not derive from kome, ” village,” as Aristotle believed).
What is love for Aristophanes?
The reality of Aristophanes’ love, the one we all know and feel, is “being”, desire. As beings with limited powers, the reality of the complete and perfect state of love, the union that represents the “being” falls outside of our mental capacity. Therefore, Aristophanes puts a focus on desire.
Who is the father of drama?
Aeschylus has been called the father of Greek drama because he helped transform theatrical performances into spectacles.
What does Aristophanes think of Socrates?
Aristophanes tried to arouse against Socrates the hatred of conservative people, contrary to the novelties that the philosopher represented: the physics of the Ionians, the logic and grammar of Protagoras, the sophists, “already then an obligatory arsenal of every lawyer”.
What did Socrates say at the banquet?
Procreation takes place in the beautiful. Love is not love of the beautiful, but of procreation in the beautiful. And if you want it to remain forever, it is love of immortality.
Where did Aristophanes die?
Place of death: Delphi, Greece
When did Aristophanes die?
Date of death: 386 BC
What was the most important thing Aristophanes did?
Aristophanes (in Greek Ἀριστοφάνης; Athens, 444 BC-385 BC) was a Greek playwright, the main exponent of the comic genre. He lived during the Peloponnesian War, a time that coincides with the splendor of the Athenian empire and its consequent defeat at the hands of Sparta.
Who was Aristophanes and what did he do to Socrates?
He was a citizen involved in Athenian politics: he participated in the political struggles for the establishment of the Aristocratic Party and, from his ranks, he showed his disagreement with the way of governing of the democrats.
Aesop, Ancient Greek Αἴσωπος Aísōpos, Latin Aesopus, German Aesop, Aisop) was an ancient Greek poet of fables and parables, probably in the 6th century BC. lived.
What do you mean by Aesop?
Aesop was a well-known fable writer and is considered the founder of European fables. He wrote a wealth of short stories that convey a lesson. The performers are mostly animals, plants or gods who act humanely and have human characteristics.
Who was Aesop for children?
Aesop was a Greek slave who had to serve different masters. But he was also a great poet and is credited with inventing fables. In the beginning, his stories were only passed on orally.
Who is Aesop and why is he famous?
Aesop is credited with writing over six hundred fables, which are short stories that teach a moral or lesson. The characters are animals with human traits. Some of his popular fables include The Ant and the Grasshopper and The Hare and the Tortoise.
Who is called Aesop?
Aesop was an ancient Greek storyteller. He lived 2500 years ago, around 550 BCE. Any records on this fabulist are based on legen.
What is Aesop most known for?
Aesop was an Ancient Greek fabulist and storyteller, famous for writing a collection of fables known as Aesop’s Fables.
What are 5 facts about Aesop?
Life and Death. Aesop is believed to have been born around 600BC and to have died around 560BC.
He (Maybe) Didn’t Write His Fables.
He Was a Slave.
He Had Physical Deformities.
He Had a Speech Impediment.
He Was Murdered.
Aesop Is an Inspiration.
What was Aesop’s most famous fable?
‘The Hare and the Tortoise’. A hare was making fun of a tortoise for moving so slowly. The tortoise, tiring of the hare’s gibes about how slow he was on his feet, eventually challenged the hare to a race.
Did Aesop really exist?
Even though Aesop probably never existed, it is helpful in understanding how the ancient Greeks thought about the fables to understand who Aesop was thought to have been, and how he was thought to have lived his life.
Why is Aesop famous?
Fable. Aesop is considered the founder of the animal fable, which conveys practical advice, moral instruction and social criticism in the form of a parable. AESOP’s folk fables amusingly caricature human frailties with animal protagonists.
Why was Aesop killed?
On such a trip to Delphi, Aesop was murdered by the priests there for blasphemy, as Aristophanes reports. His death is shrouded in legend — he was said to have been innocently executed at Delphi. people because they wanted to listen to him; but he was not received with honor by the priests.
Who wrote the first fable?
Aesop, who died around 600 BC, is considered to be the founder of European fables. lived as a slave in Greece. Aesop’s fables found their way into medieval Europe via Phaedrus, Babrios and Avianus.
What is the name of the owl in the fable?
In La Fontaine’s version of this fable, the actors are of a special nature – one bird is Minerva’s owl, the other bird is Jupiter’s eagle, and both were said to be birds of wisdom.
What did Aesop do?
He worked as an ambassador for the king, and on one of these trips to Delphi he was killed by priests for blasphemy.
What is Aesop’s most famous fable?
The frog, the rat and the harrier.
Where does the Aesop brand come from?
The beginnings of Aesop were almost silent. Dennis Paphitis founded a hair salon in a suburb of Melbourne in 1987, then called Emeis. It was only later that the name was changed to Aesop, based on the ancient Greek fable writer.
How do you pronounce Aesop?
Separation of words: Aesop, no plural. Pronunciation: IPA: [ɛˈzoːp]
What important books did Aesop write?
Author of The Lion and the Mouse, 12 Fables and other books.
How did Aesop die?
Date of death: 564 BC
Place of death: Delphi, Greece
Why was Aesop freed slavery?
From Aristotle and Herodotus we learn that Aesop was a slave in Samos and that his masters were first a man named Xanthus and then a man named Iadmon; that he must eventually have been freed, because he argued as an advocate for a wealthy Samian; and that he met his end in the city of Delphi.
Stendhal was born Henri Beyle in Grenoble in 1783. Along with Balzac and Flaubert, he is the most important realist in the French language. He chose his pseudonym after the birthplace of the art historian J.J. Winckelmanns: Stendal near Magdeburg. The son of a lawyer was brought up by his strict father after the early death of his mother. Through protection he received a post in the French military administration at the age of 17. From 1800 to 1814 he was in the service of Napoleon, with interruptions, and spent lengthy periods in Germany, Austria, Italy and Russia on behalf of the state, where the great admirer of Napoleon took part in the campaign of the Grande Armee. After the fall of Napoleon, he was increasingly critical of his homeland and lived in Italy for many years. In 1831 Stendhal was appointed consul of Civitavecchia. In 1842, while on convalescent leave in Paris, he suffered a stroke from which he died two days later.
Among Stendhal’s most famous works are the novels “Red and Black” (1830) and “The Charterhouse of Parma” (1839).
What is Stendhal famous for?
Best known for the novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839), he is highly regarded for the acute analysis of his characters’ psychology and considered one of the early and foremost practitioners of realism.
What is the meaning of Stendhal?
Stendhal syndrome, Stendhal’s syndrome or Florence syndrome is a psychosomatic condition involving rapid heartbeat, fainting, confusion and even hallucinations, allegedly occurring when individuals become exposed to objects, artworks, or phenomena of great beauty and antiquity.
What did Stendhal say?
“One can acquire everything in solitude except character.” “There are as many styles of beauty as there are visions of happiness.” “I love her beauty, but I fear her mind.” “A novel is a mirror walking along a main road.”
Who wrote the red and the black?
The Red and the Black, novel by Stendhal, published in French in 1830 as Le Rouge et le noir. The novel, set in France during the Second Restoration (1815–30), is a powerful character study of Julien Sorel, an ambitious young man who uses seduction as a tool for advancement.
What do red and black symbolize?
Black and red. In western culture, these are the two most sinister colors, as red typically conveys the meaning of blood or anger, and black is that of darkness or death. Being a very visually striking combination, they can also convey a sense of power.
Why is it called the Red and the Black?
The title is taken to refer to the tension between the clerical (black) and secular (red) interests of the protagonist but it could also refer to the then-popular card game “rouge et noir,” with the card game being the narratological leitmotiv of a novel in which chance and luck determine the fate of the main character …
What is the best translation of the red and the black?
The standard English translation of Stendhal’s classic Le Rouge et le Noir, composed in 1830, has long been that of Margaret Shaw (1953), still available in the Penguin Classics edition. And it’s still the best, by far.
What does operating in the red mean?
The phrase “in the red” means that business is in debt and owes money. The red ink signifies financial losses for the business. It means that you have more expenses and bills than the money to pay them.
What does operating in the black mean?
The expression “in the black” is commonly heard in the financial world and refers to a company’s most recent financial status, generally its last accounting period. When a company is in the black, it is said to be profitable, financially solvent, and not overburdened by debt (manageable debt is not an issue).
What nationality is Stendhal?
Stendhal, pseudonym of Marie-Henri Beyle, (born January 23, 1783, Grenoble, France—died March 23, 1842, Paris), one of the most original and complex French writers of the first half of the 19th century, chiefly known for his works of fiction.
Where is Stendhal buried?
The grave of French writer Marie-Henri Beyle better known as Stendhal (1783-1842) in Montmartre Cemetery, Paris, France.
What does Stendhal mean by crystallization?
Crystallization is a concept, developed in 1822 by the French writer Stendhal, which describes the process, or mental metamorphosis, in which unattractive characteristics of a new love are transformed into perceptual diamonds of shimmering beauty; according to a quotation by Stendhal: What I call ‘crystallization’ is.
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a writer from Spain. He was born in 1547. His father was a nobleman who had become poor and worked as a barber and surgeon. Miguel lived in Italy for a while and also served in the Spanish fleet.
On a journey he was kidnapped by pirates from the Ottoman Empire. He was a slave for five years. Then his family bought him free. He worked in various jobs and also ended up in prison. He died of diabetes at the age of 68.
The most famous work by Miguel de Cervantes is the novel about Don Quixote. This is pronounced something like “dong ki-chote”. They say it was the world’s first proper novel. Don Quixote is a poor nobleman traveling with his servant Sancho Panza. In contrast to the clever Sancho, the unworldly Don Quixote dreams of all sorts of things and puts himself in danger. Don Quixote’s fight against windmills, which he believes to be giants, is particularly well known.
Miguel de Cervantes has long been considered the most famous writer to have written in Spanish. His great novel was a model for many others. Plays and films have been made about it. “Instituto Cervantes” is the name of the state organization that spreads the Spanish language abroad.
What is Miguel de Cervantes best known for?
Miguel de Cervantes is the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. He is best known for being the author of Don Quixote (1605, 1615), a widely read literary classic. He also was noted for his short story collection Novelas exemplares (1613; Exemplary Stories) and several plays and poems.
Why did Miguel Cervantes wrote Don Quixote?
Cervantes himself states that he wrote Don Quixote in order to undermine the influence of those “vain and empty books of chivalry” as well as to provide some merry, original, and sometimes prudent material for his readers’ entertainment.
What is the summary of Don Quixote?
The plot revolves around the adventures of a member of the lowest nobility, an hidalgo from La Mancha named Alonso Quijano, who reads so many chivalric romances that he either loses or pretends to have lost his mind in order to become a knight-errant (caballero andante) to revive chivalry and serve his nation.
Where did Cervantes lose his hand?
Cervantes was aboard La Marquesa with his brother Rodrigo during the Battle of Lepanto, which took place on the 7th of October 1571. During the battle he suffered bad injuries to his left hand, partially crippling it.
Why is Don Quixote so important?
Don Quixote is considered by literary historians to be one of the most important books of all time, and it is often cited as the first modern novel. The character of Quixote became an archetype, and the word quixotic, used to mean the impractical pursuit of idealistic goals, entered common usage.
Why did Don Quixote name his horse Rocinante?
“Rocinante”, then, follows Cervantes’ pattern of using ambiguous, multivalent words, which is common throughout the novel. Rocinante’s name, then, signifies his change in status from the “old nag” of before to the “foremost” steed.
What mental illness did Don Quixote have?
Don Quixote suffered from chronic insomnia due to ruminations and worries: ‘Don Quixote did not sleep too much at all during the night, thinking about his lady Dulcinea’ (part I, ch.
What is the moral of Don Quixote?
Don Quixote teaches us that life is to be challenged. That passion and discipline of a determined soul are a foundational element of being a leader. Quixote does not accept current reality. He forces his creative imagery, his commitment, and his happiness on it.
What do horses symbolize in Don Quixote?
Horses symbolize movement and status in the novel and often denote a character’s worth or class. The pilgrims outside Barcelona, for instance, walk to the city. The noblemen ride in carriages, and the robbers and Don Quixote ride on horseback.
What does Sancho Panza symbolize?
Sancho Panza is precursor to “the sidekick,” and is symbolic of practicality over idealism. Sancho is the everyman, who, though not sharing his master’s delusional “enchantment” until late in the novel, remains his ever-faithful companion realist, and functions as the clever sidekick.
Who is Don Quixote’s imaginary lady?
Dulcinea, in full Dulcinea del Toboso, fictional character in the two-part picaresque novel Don Quixote (Part I, 1605; Part II, 1615) by Miguel de Cervantes. Aldonza Lorenzo, a sturdy Spanish peasant girl, is renamed Dulcinea by the crazed knight-errant Don Quixote when he selects her to be his lady.
Who does Don Quixote symbolically represent?
He is the idealistic and adventurous knight and represents bravery and chivalry, determined to to whatever it takes to woo his fair lady.
What is miguel de cervantes known for?
Miguel de Cervantes is the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. He is best known for being the author of Don Quixote (1605, 1615), a widely read literary classic. He also was noted for his short story collection Novelas exemplares (1613; Exemplary Stories) and several plays and poems.
What influenced miguel de cervantes?
Miguel de Cervantes was one of the most influential writers of all times, writing the first major European novel and contributing to both the Spanish and English languages. Although known best for Don Quijote, Cervantes also wrote dozens of other novels, short stories, poems, and plays.
Which is not a fact about the life of miguel de cervantes, author of don quixote?
Which is not a fact about the life of Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote? He was deluded into thinking he was a knight.
What awards did miguel de cervantes win?
Miguel de Cervantes did not win any awards.
For what innovation in don quixote was miguel de cervantes acclaimed by his contemporaries?
The novel’s tragicomic hero. Don Quixote’s main quest in life is to revive knight-errantry in a world devoid of chivalric virtues and values. He believes only what he chooses to believe and sees the world very differently from most people.
Sun Tzu was born around 500 BC. Born in China in the Kingdom of Wu, he was a Chinese general and military strategist. His work The Art of War is considered the earliest known contribution to strategy and remains one of the most important on the subject to this day. Not much is known about the life of Sun Tzu.
« “…The art of war is of vital importance to the state. It is a matter of life and death, a road that leads to safety or destruction…” »
The following anecdote about Sun Tzu can be found in Clavell’s foreword: In the kingdom of Wu he had an audience with the emperor in which he discussed his book with him. The Emperor put Sun Tzu to the test by ordering that he should make soldiers out of his 180 ladies-in-waiting. Sun Tzu appointed the Emperor’s two favorite concubines as squad leaders. He explained some commands to them and then let them drill. When Sun Tzu finished and gave the first command, the girls started laughing. Sun Tzu replied, “If the words of command are not clear and distinct, if the orders are not properly understood, then the general is at fault.”[2] Sun Tzu gave the girls another command, but they just burst out laughing again on. Sun Tzu replied, “If the orders are not clear and clear, if the orders are not properly understood, then the general is to blame. However, if the orders are clear and the soldiers still don’t obey, then it is the officers’ fault.” After that, he gave the order to behead the two favorite concubines who commanded the companies. After the beheadings, the ladies-in-waiting followed his commands. The Emperor was shocked by this act, but he recognized that Sun Tzu was a capable general.
When did Sun Tzu live?
Relatively little is known about Sun Tsu (also ›Sun Tzu‹ or ›Sunzi‹): He was born in China in what was then the Qi Empire to a noble family. It is thought to have been around between 550 and 650 BC. lived.
Who wrote The Art of War?
Sunzi was a Chinese general, military strategist, and philosopher.
What is the name of Sun Tzu S standard work on strategy?
Boll and Pickardt, Berlin 1910; Reissued as an audio book: Sun Tzu: The Art of War – The Classic of Conflict Strategy.
What did Sun Tzu do?
Sun Tzu was a Chinese general who lived around the 5th century BC. The collection of essays on the art of war attributed to him constitute the oldest known treatise on the subject. However, despite its antiquity, Sun Tzu’s advice is still valid.
What strategy does Sun Tzu explain to us?
According to Sun Tzu, a constant curtain of deception must be generated, so that the enemy never knows what is really happening. In this way any action will be surprising for the enemy, thus achieving an advantage for our army. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the supreme excellence.
What does Sun Tzu’s phrase mean?
This phrase essentially focuses on understanding the strengths and weaknesses of your organization, as well as those of your competitors. Sun Tzu’s full quote is actually…”If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the outcome of a hundred battles.
What does Sun Tzu say about war?
Sun Tzu had written: “War is a matter of vital importance to the State; the province of life or death; the path of survival or ruin. Deep study is required.”
What are Sun Tzu’s principles?
Learn to fight.
Show the way.
Do it well.
Know the facts.
Expect the worst.
Seize the moment.
Burn the ships.
Do better every time.
What are the 9 variants of Sun Tzu?
Depending on how it can be used by troops, terrain can be classified as follows: dispersal, border, key, communication, convergence, hostile, difficult, fenced, and deadly.
What is the importance of leadership according to Sun Tzu?
Sun Tzu summarizes leadership as the fourth principle in a civilized martial art, which unites passion, determination, compassion and temperance to prevent the commitment of employees or “the army” from degenerating into laziness.
What does it mean when the enemy advances you have to retreat?
When the enemy advances, you have to retreat! When the enemy stops, you have to harass him! When the enemy wants to avoid combat, you have to attack him! When the enemy retreats, you have to chase him!
When the enemy is wrong Sun Tzu?
“When your enemy is making a false move, never interrupt him.”
Who was Sun Tzu and what did he contribute to China and the rest of the world?
He is traditionally regarded as the author of The Art of War, an influential treatise on military strategy. Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on Chinese and Asian history and culture, both by writing The Art of War and by being a legendary historical figure.
What strategic teaching does Sun Tzu’s book The Art of War leave us?
Some of the fundamental teachings of the book are that the ideal is to win without fighting and that war is based on the deception and confusion of the enemy.
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR, JEAN-PAUL SARTRE’s partner, is described as a pioneer of feminism. She fought back, saying, “I never thought of myself as a ‘woman’, I was me.”
She is also considered by some to be the actual creator of existentialism. The catchphrase of existentialism comes from her: “Man is born free.”
What part it has in SARTRE’s existential philosophy can hardly be determined.
Her major literary themes were freedom, human rights and emancipation.
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR is described as a pioneer of feminism.
Her most famous sentence is:
“On ne naît pas femme: on le devient”
“One is not born a woman, one becomes one.”
(Beauvoir, Simone de: The other sex custom and sex of the woman. Reinbek near Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1949)
Creator of existentialism
DE BEAUVOIR is considered by some to be the actual inventor, the creator of existentialism. The catchphrase of existentialism comes from her: “Man is born free.”
She saw her partner JEAN-PAUL SARTRE as her teacher and herself only as “the second”. What part it has in SARTRE’s existential philosophy can hardly be determined. Her major literary and philosophical themes were
Freedom,
human rights,
Emancipation,
self-determination and
Equal rights.
DE BEAUVOIR is about questions of human existence in general. Each person must choose their own path. Individuals are defined by their actions, not by religion, ideology or doctrine. He must act according to his own convictions and personal experience: According to SARTRE, we must “create our essence through our actions”. How he wants to live is the individual decision of the individual himself. Man determines his destiny, he has the choice. Even if man refuses to make a choice, i.e. to determine his life path, he chooses. According to SARTRE, he is “damned to freedom”, but he also takes on responsibility for shaping his freedom. In her works, DE BEAUVOIR primarily shed light on the role of women and their responsibility for shaping their existence. So her motto in life can be understood as the “parole” of existentialism, because she not only conceived existentialism, but also lived it:
“My most important work is my life”.
Childhood and adolescence
SIMONE LUCIE ERNESTINE MARIE BERTRAND DE BEAUVOIR was born in Paris on January 9, 1908 as the firstborn “fille rangée”, the “superior daughter” of the lawyer GEORGES DE BEAUVOIR and his wife, the librarian FRANÇOISE DE BEAUVOIR, née BRASSEUR. The sister POUPETTE was two and a half years younger. The siblings grew up in their parents’ upper-class apartment on Boulevard Montparnasse.
The mother was a devout Catholic, the father an agnostic. This contrast also initially determined SIMONE’s ideas about later life: she wanted to go into a monastery. At the age of four she taught herself to read and increasingly discovered the world of poetry. In this she agreed with her father, whom the girl greatly admired, above all because of his erudition.
In 1913, SIMONE started school at the Cours Adeline Désir, a Catholic institute for girls. She was a spirited and inquisitive child: “I got off to a good start,” she later wrote of her childhood. The First World War drastically changed the parents’ economic circumstances: In 1919, the family had to move to 71 Rue de Rennes for financial reasons. It was here that the memorable incident took place which – according to her own statements – shaped the life of BEAUVOIR. Her father casually remarked: “How ugly you are!” and preferred to show himself in public with the much more beautiful POUPETTE. From now on, the pubescent girl buried herself in her books. In 1925, SIMONE graduated from school with a baccalauréat. In 1925 she began studying philology at the Institut Sainte-Marie in Neuilly and mathematics at the Institut Catholique in Paris. She studied philosophy at the Sorbonne in 1926/27 and wrote her diploma thesis on the philosopher and polymath GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646–1716) in 1928/29. Her wish was to become a teacher.
JEAN-PAUL SARTRE and DE BEAUVOIR
Therefore, DE BEAUVOIR prepared to teach (agrégation) at the Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), where she met JEAN-PAUL SARTRE in July 1929. Behind him she passed the agrégation as the second best. The relationship between the two began in that year, but SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR and SARTRE used to use one another’s sies throughout their lives:
He called her “Petit charming Castor” (their correspondence appeared in: “Lettres au Castor et á quelques autres”).
The dualism “like Castor and Pollux” is commonly used for a close male friendship. Castor means beaver in German, but could also stand for the inseparable pair of twins Castor and Pollux (French: Castor et Pollux), which was popularly believed by seafarers to be the savior in need. But Castor is also that fixed star in the sky that is part of the constellation of Gemini: According to the Greek legend, Castor and Polydeukes (i.e. Pollux) lived inseparably after Castor’s death in the Trojan War, alternately in Hades and Olympus, until Zeus as stars in the sky. The picture of Castor and Pollux therefore aptly symbolizes the almost symbiotic relationship between SARTRE and DE BEAUVOIR.
Both had other side relationships during their lives, some very enduring, but none could destroy the love SARTRE and DE BEAUVOIR had for each other.
They never shared a common apartment so that each could keep their independence. They were truly equals to each other, both in thought and in acting out their sexuality. DE BEAUVOIR rejected the marriage offered to her by SARTRE as “restrictive bourgeoisization and institutionalized interference by the state in private affairs”. Both tried a relationship with five as a heterosexual and homosexual partnership at the same time: SARTRE, DE BEAUVOIR, two young women and a young man.
Teacher and writer
After getting her teaching license, DE BEAUVOIR initially taught as a private tutor in Paris in order to be close to SARTRE.
After SARTRE went to Le Havre, she taught at various lyceums in Marseille, Rouen and Paris until 1943.
DE BEAUVOIR spent the time of the German occupation of France during the Second World War from 1940 to 1944 in Paris. She also studied here
ALBERT CAMUS (1913-1960),
JEAN GENET (1910-1986),
ALBERTO GIACOMETTI (1901-1966) and
PABLO PICASSO (1881-1973)
know. They often met at Café Flore on Boulevard St. Germain-des-Prés. In 1943, when she defended a schoolgirl’s relationship with a Jewish boy, she was fired. From then on, DE BEAUVOIR worked as a freelance writer. In her novel “Le sang des autres” (Eng.: “The Blood of Others”, 1945), DE BEAUVOIR dealt with the time of the occupation. In 1943 her first novel “L’Invitée” (Eng.: “She came and stayed”) was published, a love triangle in which she addressed SARTRE’s relationship with her and another woman.
After the war
After the war, DE BEAUVOIR collaborated on the political-literary magazine Les Temps Modernes, founded by SARTRE. Some of her most important essays also appeared here.
“All men are mortal”
The novel “Tous les Hommes sont mortels” (Eng.: “All men are mortal”), published in 1946, takes up a subject that had already been discussed by other authors before her: that of the protagonist wandering through time as an immortal. In “Orlando: A Biography” (1928), VIRGINIA WOOLF (1882–1941) created a main character who, in search of identity, acted at different times as a man and at other times as a woman. This topic of gender-specific role expectations became the central reason for DE BEAUVOIR’s writing.
In All Men Are Mortal, set in France in the 1940s, the young actress Regine meets the strange and, as she later realizes, immortal Raymond Fosca, who was born in 1279 in the town of Carmona, Italy, and who, seeks a means of eternal life in order to serve his city forever. The hero roams through European history for six centuries to realize that he can do nothing, that people’s longings and hopes are in vain.
“All Men Are Mortal” is a novel in which DE BEAUVOIR deals with questions of existential philosophy. This will include clearly in the figure of Armand.
Transience can also be an opportunity, even if the life of the individual does not leave the “very faintest trace”.
“The Other Sex”
In this novel, the important, moving questions of human existence are still put into the mouths of men. As early as 1949, DE BEUVOIR sat down in her book “Le Deuxiéme Sexe” (Eng. 1951: “The Other Sex”) with “customs and sex of women ‘ (subtitles) apart. This book, a draft of an existentialist ethic, addresses the role of women in society and caused such a stir that it was condemned by the Vatican for “immoral doctrines that trample on morality and the sanctity of the family” (In: ” L’Osservatore Romano”) was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books.
“The Second Sex”, a classic of the women’s movement, analyzes and criticizes the prevailing patriarchal worldview of the time. The man, “the subject, .. the absolute” is opposed to the woman as “the other”.
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR ends “The Second Sex” with a quote from KARL MARX:
“The immediate, natural, necessary relationship of man to man is the relationship of man to woman. It follows from the character of this relationship to what extent man as a species, as man, has become and grasped himself; the relation of man to woman is the most natural relation of man to man. It thus shows to what extent man’s natural behavior has become human and to what extent his human nature has become his nature.”
(Karl Marx: Economic-philosophical manuscripts, In: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels: Works. Berlin 1968, Volume 40, p. 535)
“The Mandarins of Paris”
The novel The Mandarins of Paris, considered a key work of the existentialist movement, is set in post-World War II France. Now the main female character, the psychologist Anne, describes her search for personal happiness. The journalist Henri, on the other hand, symbolizes the inner turmoil and disintegration of French intellectuals after the end of the war and after the Resistance. The novel is based in part on the author’s relationship with SARTRE and American NELSON ALGREN (since 1947).
In 1955, SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR received the Prix Goncourt, the most prestigious literary award in France, for her novel Les Mandarins. At that time, DE BEAUVOIR was in a relationship with CLAUDE LANZMANN, with whom she also lived.
In 1955, DE BEAUVOIR traveled to China and the Soviet Union with SARTRE. This resulted in “La longue marche” (“China – the far-reaching goal”, 1957). She visited the Soviet Union several times between 1962 and 1966 to campaign for the release of imprisoned government critics.
SARTRE and DE BEAUVOIR turned against the effects of the Cold War raging in Europe and took part in the 1955 Helsinki Peace Conference.
Since 1958 her three-part autobiography “Mémoires dúne jeune fille rangée” (Eng: “Memoirs of a daughter from a good family”) has been published.
In 1963 his mother died of cancer. In “Une Mort très douce” (Eng.: “A Gentle Death”, 1964) she described their suffering.
The “conscience of France, Europe, yes the West”, SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR, and SARTRE attended the Russell tribunal in Copenhagen in 1967 to discuss American war crimes during the Vietnam War and denounced US interference as military aggression and the bombing of civilian targets the Americans as genocide. In 1968 they supported the rebellious students during the May riots in Paris.
President of the League for Women’s Rights
In 1974, DE BEAUVOIR became President of the “League for Women’s Rights” in France.
SARTRE, who smoked heavily in his life and drank copious amounts of Scotch and red wine, suffered from pulmonary edema, cirrhosis of the liver and circulatory disorders in the brain. He died on April 15, 1980. In “La Cérémonie des adieux, suivi de Entretiens avec Jean-Paul Sartre (août-septembre 1974)” (Eng.: “The Farewell Ceremony and Conversations with Jean-Paul Sartre”), DE BEAUVOIR 1981 the last years of life and the infirmity of the partner. She reported openly and relentlessly, so that she aroused indignation and horror. She noted that these so-called “friends” had not grasped the principle of existentialism.
At that time, she herself was already marked by age and alcohol consumption, and walking was becoming increasingly difficult for her, as MARGARET A. SIMONS reports.
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR died in Paris on April 14, 1986.
She was buried next to JEAN-PAUL SARTRE in Montparnasse Cemetery in Paris.
Works
“L’Invitée” (“She came and stayed”), 1943
“Le sang des autres” (“The Blood of Others”), 1945
“Les bouches inutiles”, play, 1945
“Tous les hommes sont mortels” (“All men are mortal”), 1946
“Pour une morale de l’ambiguité” (“For a Morality of Ambiguity”) article, 1947
“L’Amérique au jour le jour (“America – by day and night”), 1948
“Le deuxième sexe” (“The Second Sex”), 1949
“Les mandarins” (“The Mandarins of Paris”), 1954
“La longue marche” (“China – the far-reaching goal”), 1957
“Mémoires d’un jeune fille rangée” (“Memoirs of a daughter from a good family”), with:
– “La Force de l’âge”, 1960, dt.: “In the best years”,
– “La Force des choses”, 1963, German: “The course of things” and
– “Tout compte fait”, 1972, German: “All in all”
“La Force de l’âge” (“In the prime of life”), 1961
“La Force des choses” (“The Way Things Go”), 1963
“Une Mort trés douce” (“A Gentle Death”), 1964
“Les Belles Images” (“The World of Beautiful Pictures”), 1966
“La Femme rompue” (“A Broken Woman”), 1967
“La Vieillesse” (“Old Age”), 1970
“Tous compte fait” (“All in all”), 197
“La cérémonie des adieux” (“The Farewell Ceremony”), 1981
“Journal de guerre, Septembre 1939 – Janvier 1941” (ed. by Sylvie le Bon de Beauvoir), 1990
What did Simone de Beauvoir do?
Simone de Beauvoir is a French writer and philosopher. She is one of the founders of the philosophy of existentialism and is a close confidant of Jean-Paul Sartre.
When did Simon de Beauvoir die?
April 14, 1986
How old was Simone de Beauvoir?
78 years
Where did Simone de Beauvoir die?
Paris, France
How do you pronounce Beauvoir?
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir [siˈmɔn də boˈvwaʁ] (9 January 1908 in Paris – 14 April 1986 in Paris) was a French writer, philosopher and feminist.
Does Simone de Beauvoir have children?
Sylvie Le Bon de Beauvoir is a French writer and philosophy professor. She is the adopted daughter of Simone de Beauvoir. The meeting of the two women was described in the book All in All that Simone de Beauvoir dedicated to her.
Where is Simone de Beauvoir buried?
The Cimetière du Montparnasse is one of the three large Parisian cemeteries that were laid out at the beginning of the 19th century and thus before the last incorporation outside the then city limits. The Montmartre Cemetery and the famous Père Lachaise Cemetery as well as the Passy Cemetery were also created at that time.
Away with charity, let the dollar rule, badass selfishness moves the world forward. With such teachings, Ayn Rand still shapes many right-wing US Republicans today.
With the slogan “Ayn Rand was right!” Sections of the Republican right protested in 2009 against former US President Obama’s bank bailout. While US capitalism slides into its worst crisis since 1929, the “Tea Party” – a protest movement that sees itself in the tradition of the “sons of liberty” who led the rebellion against the English crown in Boston in 1773 – is gaining strength. Sales of Ayn Rand’s books soar.
The “tea bags” and the “libertarians” see the financial crisis as confirmation of Rand’s gloomy prophecies about the tragic end of the welfare state. The idea of a two-tier society is deeply ingrained in the American collective consciousness. According to this belief, a hard-working, productive elite is opposed to a passive majority, which robs the productive people of the fruits of their labor through taxes and social transfer payments. – But who was this pioneer of the republican right and what ideology do her books spread?
Shaped by war: A young migrant with an “American Dream”
Born Alissa Zinovievna Rosenbaum in St. Petersburg in 1905 to a wealthy Jewish family, Ayn Rand experienced the abrupt destruction of her middle-class existence at the age of thirteen. After her father was dispossessed by the Red Army, the family fled to Crimea in the chaos of the Russian Civil War. At the age of 21, Ayn Rand emigrated to the USA alone – in exile she lost contact with her family.
Attracted by the glamor of Hollywood, Ayn Rand tries to gain a foothold in the studio environment as a screenwriter. However, the reality of her life looks different at first: for a long time she has to keep her head above water with jobs in administration. Her lyrics go unnoticed – the story of her traumatic experiences with the Russian Revolution is at odds with the zeitgeist. In the cauldron of the Californian film industry with its abrupt career jumps, the radical nature of her thinking gradually develops.
I criticize the morality of charity. Above all, however, I am the creator of a new ethic that no one previously thought possible. A morality based not on faith, not on random whims, not on emotions, not on arbitrary commands, but solely on reason: a morality that can be proved logically.
Revolutionary pioneer of pure capitalism
Ayn Rand developed her philosophy of pure capitalism primarily as a novelist. Her first breakthrough came in 1943 with her novel The Fountainhead. This was followed in 1957 by her monumental work “Atlas Shrugged” (“Atlas throws off the world”). The book, which is more than a thousand pages long, has become the bible of “liberitarians” in the USA.
I am for an absolutely free economic system without regulations. I am for the separation of state and economy. Just as the separation of church and state enables religions to live together peacefully, the banishment of politics from the economy and the abandonment of regulation of production and trade will lead to peaceful cooperation, to harmony and justice between people.
The images that Ayn Rand draws in her novels are highly provocative at the time, as they are today: they populate the absolutely free market. At the center of their ideas is self-interest, which arises from human nature. Every individual should pursue their economic interests unrestrictedly and selfishly. Charity and emotions must not play a role – reason and rationality are at the core of all striving. Successful entrepreneurs and billionaires form “Supermen” – a creative class of creative individuals. They establish the vitality of an economy. Without them, the world falls into poverty, chaos and civil war.
In 1959, Ayn Rand appeared self-confident in an interview with journalist Mike Wallace. At that time she wore a dollar sign on a chain around her neck – as a commitment to pure capitalism, which in her eyes was the only way to limitless vitality. “Now is the moment for the liberation of the world,” says Rand. Their philosophy forms the perfect enlightenment: An “objectivism” solely aligned to unchangeable facts and iron laws of nature. In America in the 1950s, shaped by the social reforms of the New Deal, Rand shocked her contemporaries with her uncompromising and tough attitude.
No moment of weakness, no human affliction or emotion. Rationality for 24 hours, no loophole, no rest, no escape!
And today? – America as a country of capitalism?
In addition to the Republicans, even the Democrats in the USA have, in the eyes of the historian Thomas Frank, developed into a lobby for a wealthy and well-educated 10 percent elite: “There is no party in the country that really supports the working class.” Ever since Ronald Reagan was in office (1981 – 1989), politics has been increasingly shaped by neoliberal ideas. Welfare state institutions were dismantled. A two-class society developed – many poor versus few rich.
The surprising success of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump can also be explained by the fact that many Americans no longer have a voice in Washington’s political system. Ironically, one of Ayn Rand’s heroic figures, a billionaire who prides himself on withholding income taxes from the state, pretends to represent the interests of those left in the lurch.
What was Ayn Rand most known for?
Ayn Rand was a Russian-born American author and philosopher. Rand authored two best-selling novels, The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957). Her novels were especially influential among conservatives and libertarians from the mid-20th century.
What was Ayn Rand’s philosophy?
Rand called her philosophy “Objectivism”, describing its essence as “the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute”.
What was Ayn Rand’s view of ethics?
Some of Rand’s statements suggest that she had only one, consistent ethical view: the ultimate goal is the individual’s own survival; the only way to survive long-term, i.e., over a complete life-span, is to live by the standard of man’s life as a rational being.
What is Ayn Rand’s philosophy Why is this significant?
The core of Rand’s philosophy — which also constitutes the overarching theme of her novels — is that unfettered self-interest is good and altruism is destructive. This, she believed, is the ultimate expression of human nature, the guiding principle by which one ought to live one’s life.
Why is Atlas Shrugged controversial?
Atlas Shrugged is one of the most controversial books in modern literature. It is a passionate defence of Rand’s belief that the world is best served when individuals act entirely in their own rational self-interest. Or, to put it more bluntly, they act selfishly.
What are the 4 main pillars of objectivism?
Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by Ayn Rand and has four main principles: objective reality, absolute reason, individualism, and laissez-faire capitalism.
What’s the opposite of objectivism?
The opposite of objectivism is subjectivism. Subjectivism contends that moral values are dependent on a human or divine will.
Why is objectivism criticized?
Some philosophers have criticized Objectivist ethics. The philosopher Robert Nozick argues that Rand’s foundational argument in ethics is unsound because it does not explain why someone could not rationally prefer dying and having no values, in order to further some particular value.
What is the point of Atlas Shrugged?
The theme of Atlas Shrugged, according to Ayn Rand, “is the role of the mind in man’s existence.” It is the mind, the story shows, that is the root of all human knowledge and values — and its absence is the root of all evil.
Is Atlas Shrugged a hard read?
This is not an easy book.
Is Atlas Shrugged about capitalism?
Atlas is about a new revolution, a capitalist revolution.
Is Atlas Shrugged a true story?
Atlas Shrugged is not based on a true story. It is based on what Rand thought might happen if the American economy and political enterprise were to continue without becoming more capitalist.
