The trend sport slackline is similar to tightrope walking. A synthetic fiber or webbing strap stretched between two attachment points at a height of about one meter is used for balancing. The term slackline itself can be translated as a slack rope or slack line because the line sags. A slackline stretches under the weight load, in contrast to a tightly stretched dance or tightrope. This is the balance point of a slackliner and all own movements must be constantly compensated. This sport therefore requires an interplay of concentration, coordination and balance. Slackline sport is suitable as additional training for all sports that require a good sense of balance. These sports are, for example, climbing, skiing, martial arts, horseback riding, vaulting, longboarding or snowboarding.

Slacking is a relatively young sport and developed in the early 1980s among free and extreme climbers in Yosemite National Park. They used their climbing gear for slacking in their camps. From the turn of the millennium, the sport spread to other climbing areas and finally outside of climbing. At the same time, some climbers and top skiers in Europe also actively practiced balancing on taut ropes as a training method during the same period.

Slackline material

Slack band

A slackline is usually a flat band with a width of 25 to 30 millimeters, beginners can also purchase bands that are 35 to 50 millimeters wide. The latter are also called tricklines. These have a higher breaking load and significantly less stretch. Balancing is therefore easier. The stretching of the band is also crucial. Elastic slacklines are preferred up to a length of 30 meters. Less stretchy webbing is recommended from 30 meters, otherwise tensioning the slacklines becomes too difficult.

There are 9 types of slacklines:

• Low lines or trick lines
  These are stretched low at knee or hip height, mostly over soft ground like grass or sand.
• long lines
  A slackline that is as long as possible, which poses special challenges because it can be made to vibrate very easily. Long lines should be set up by professionals, since a lot of effort (up to about 100 times the weight) is required to stretch them.
• Rodeo or freestyle lines
  These slacklines are rather slack and are good training for longlines. In both cases you have to hold the slackline very still.
• high lines
  Highlines are installed at a height of a few meters up to several hundred meters and are used with a safety sling.
• Waterlines
  Waterlines are slacklines stretched over water. In addition to stable fixed points, attention should also be paid to a suitable body of water with round gravel, sand or mud. A water depth of approx. 1.40 meters is usually sufficient.
• jump line
  Since the so-called “jumping” on the slackline has been spreading since 2007, there are special jumplines that are stretched as tightly as possible up to chest height. Jumplines are usually a maximum of 15 meters long. Several lines can also be stretched next to each other in order to jump from line to line.
• Night and dark lines
  Here the slackline is set up in dark rooms, at night or in as dark a place as possible. Here you have to rely exclusively on the organ of equilibrium, hearing and the sense of movement.
  slackline and skateboarding
  Here skateboarders use a slackline to slide along like street railings and benches.
• slack board
  In the winter months or in bad weather, an indoor slackline can be used indoors, which is attached to a structure. This so-called slack board allows slacking away from trees and attachment points.
• attachment
  A slackline requires two attachment points, such as trees, rocks or walls. For trees, wide bands are better and a protective covering is needed between the bark and the band (a piece of carpet, a mat or special cambium savers.

Attachment

Firmly sewn lifting straps or round slings can be used to attach a slackline, as well as a screw carabiner (shackle) at one end and a pulley block, a ratchet strap or a lever hoist at the other end for tensioning.

A newer and simpler two-piece variation uses a strap with a loop at one end. This is placed around the tree and the rope is threaded through the loop. The second part consists of a short rope with a loop on one end and a ratchet on the other for tightening. Such a slackline can be set up quickly and without prior knowledge.

Instead of trees as anchors, supports or ground anchors in the ground can also be used.

Breaking load

The breaking load of the materials is also important for every slackline athlete. The resilience of the steel carabiners and shackles have sufficient strength for loads, aluminum carabiners from climbing, on the other hand, are less. Ordinary climbing gear can be used for softly tensioned slacklines or rodeolines, but should not be used for longlines, highlines and jumplines.

Non-certified carabiners from the supermarket or hardware store are not designed for slackline loads.

Slack parties and competitions

At slack festivals, slackliners meet to exchange experiences or present new techniques.

The World Slackline Federation has existed since 2011 to establish the technique of tricklining as a competitive sport. The WSFed provides certified judges for competitions. There are five criteria for jumps and other tricks: difficulty, technical quality of execution, variety of tricks, height of jumps and general performance.

How to choose the right slackline

The Allround or Experience Slackline are a great choice for the first steps. If you want to walk longer lines (30m+) or high line, a 25mm wide line is to be preferred. For tricklining and jumping, a width between 30mm and 50mm will feel better than a narrow slackline.

How to setup a slackline

What is a slackliner?

A person who practices the sport of slacklining (= walking along a rope that is stretched above the ground between two points): This class is more technique-based, and covers advanced moves for experienced slackliners.

In order to play Boßeln correctly, you absolutely need the Boßeln rules. We have summarized these for you and explained them in detail so that there are no misunderstandings during the game.

History of bossing

The East Frisian national sport Boßeln and the closely related klootshooting are sports played in different parts of Europe. The goal is to throw a ball over a set distance in as few throws as possible. Boßeln is originally a team sport, practiced on open spaces such as fields and meadows, public roads and paved paths. There is also a version as an individual sport, where throwing distance is important.

Boßeln is very easy to learn and practice. Since the Boßeln rules are simple, this sport is popular with families, clubs, colleagues or friends. In some areas, this social activity is traditionally practiced as part of celebrations such as the cabbage ride, which is typical of the region.

Origin and organization

Boßeln originated in Klootshooting, which was intended for defense. Klootshooting involved throwing lumps of dried clover across a field in a showdown. Later, wooden balls filled with lead were used, which required a special throwing technique. When the sport moved from the field to the street and the playground equipment changed at the same time, Boßeln developed into a popular sport. However, the topography still poses special challenges. In northern Germany, a variant with long running routes and long curves dominates in mostly flat landscapes. On the southern slope of the Wiehengebirge, on the other hand, there are ups and downs and tight curves to overcome.

With the founding of the Frisian Klottschießerverband (FKV) around 1900, Boßeln received more and more attention and many clubs, Boßel classes and Boßelligen developed. This Frisian national sport is an integral part of the sporting and cultural activities in Germany. There have been national championships since 1999. The International Bowlplaying Association (IBA), founded in Holland in 1969, has held a European Championship every four years since 1980.

The boss ball

The game is played with rubber, lignum vitae or plastic balls called kloot. These balls differ in size and weight both regionally and depending on the discipline and age group. The East Frisian-Oldenburg wooden ball has a diameter of 58 millimeters and weighs 475 grams. In international competitions, the so-called Holland ball with a diameter of 65 millimeters and a weight of 300 grams is used for field combat according to the Boßeln rules.

The Boßeln Rules

The aim of Boßeln is to cover a set distance, usually 4 to 6 kilometers, with as few throws as possible. It can be a circuit or a route with a turning mark.

Two groups, each with 4 to 10 participants, compete against each other. The first player of a team throws the ball from a selected starting point. Then the first player of the other team throws. Each Boßler tries to throw the ball as far as possible. The throw is over when the Boßelkugel stays still. An ideal position is on the side of the road, a less ideal one in a ditch or in the bushes. The connection throw of the next Bossler in the team takes place from this point.

If the ball is off the road or off the course, the throwing point changes to the road – that’s how the Boßeln rules want it. To do this, you have to put the ball back on the road at a right angle.

The team whose ball is behind always throws first. At the end of the track there is a target line and the team that needs the fewest throws wins.

The throwing technique according to the Boßeln rules

When bowling, it is important to use the appropriate throwing technique for the course, which is similar to that of bowling. The stretched throwing arm is used to gain momentum while running from the back to the front, passing the hips under the hand. The Boßeln rules prohibit lifting over the shoulder as in handball. In competitions there is the spinning throw or round shot and the fleeing shot.

The technique of the spin throw is similar to discus throwing. Here the thrower takes a few steps with the throwing arm stretched out to the side, turns once around his own axis and then lets go of the kloot.
When fleeing, a small wooden ramp is used at the dropping point. The thrower takes a longer run-up and when jumping off the ramp there is also a slight 90-degree turning movement before the ball is released in an upward movement. This technique requires more practice and concentration.
On straight or clear stretches, it is possible to perform a powerful and powerful throw with a run-up. The cornering technique is more sophisticated and requires a more sensitive throw. In both cases it is crucial that the Kloot flies as far as possible before it comes to rest.

On straight stretches with a suitable surface, top athletes can throw a rubber ball for distances of 200 meters.

Bossel disciplines

Bossel competitions can take place all year round, outdoors or indoors. Traditionally, a distinction is made between field combat and standing combat, which have slightly different Boßeln rules.

In a field fight, two teams compete against each other on a field floor. Large field battles such as the traditional country comparison between East Friesland and Oldenburg are held when the ground is frozen through and very hard.
The single variant of the field fight is referred to as throwing the Holland ball.
In standing combat, the distance of a throw counts from a fixed release point. This discipline can also be held on sports fields or on Klootschießer’s own facilities.
In Weideboßeln, the Pockholter (wooden ball) is thrown from a fixed drop point over a long distance, similar to standing combat in Klootshooting. As the name suggests, it used to be thrown in pastures or fields.
The Hallenboßeln serves primarily to demonstrate the sport of Boßeln and above all in schools. Beginners are made familiar with the technique and the sequence of movements of street bowling.

Bossel variants

Boßeln is played in different variants in many parts of Europe. East Friesland and other Frisian and northern German areas as well as the provinces of Drenthe and Gelderland in the Netherlands are considered strongholds.

As Irish Road Bowling, the game is played in Ireland, Canada and the United States.
In the Spanish province of Zaragoza it is known as Tiro de bola aragonesa
as bocciaforte, boccia su strada, boccia alla lunga or boccetta su strada, ruzzola or ruzzolone) in Italy
as Krugeln in Huttwil in the Swiss canton of Bern.

Klootshooting

Regional differences are also expressed in different designations and their disciplines. In Ostfriesland and Oldenburg, a distinction is made between the original cloot shooting on the field and street boßeln, and there are different balls for this.

In the Netherlands, the sport is uniformly called Klootschieten. Schleswig-Holstein has decided to name both the field and the road disciplines in this way.

Kloatscheeten is a popular sport in the county of Bentheim and in directly adjacent parts of Emsland. The kloat is a rounded disc weighing between 380 and 450 grams, 40 to 45 millimeters thick and 70 to 80 millimeters in diameter. In the middle is a lead core. Technique and competition rules correspond to street bossing.

Indoor football is the variant of football that has been specially tailored to sports halls. The rules of the game are similar, but there are significant differences to field soccer. On the one hand, the playing surface and the playing teams are smaller. Instead of a side-line, there is a band boundary. In general, an indoor soccer game is much faster and scores more goals than field soccer. “Futsal” is the indoor football variant officially recognized and regulated by the world football association FIFA. For individual events, the tournament rules, especially in the amateur area or in the lower leagues, are adapted to the individual circumstances such as the size of the hall or the age of the players.

Playing field, ball, and goals

The size of the field roughly corresponds to a handball field and depends on the dimensions of the hall. A side wall or side wall and gate wall (all-round wall) that is at least one meter high and firmly anchored delimit the field of play. This is rectangular and marked with lines: Goal and touch lines should be drawn at least 1 meter away from the walls of the hall. A center line divides the field into two equal halves. A semicircle marks the penalty or goal area, the radius of which should be around six meters. The penalty mark is six meters from the center of the goal line. A second penalty mark is to be drawn 10 meters from the goal.

The goal size for futsal corresponds to handball goals with 3 by 2 meters. The goals must be anchored and must not tip over. Small soccer goals with a maximum of 5 x 2 meters can also be used in indoor soccer.

The match ball is a futsal ball, but a normal soccer ball or indoor soccer ball can also be used. This has a circumference of 68 to 70 centimetres, weighs between 410 and 450 grams and has an overpressure of 0.6 to 1.1 bar.

Team

A team normally consists of as many substitutes as there are on the field, i.e. up to twelve players. Two teams, each with five players and a goalkeeper, play against each other.

Only the players who are part of the game in question and a maximum of three other people are allowed to sit on the substitution bench. Players may also be changed on the fly in the area of ​​the marked transition zone. Substituted players can be substituted again.

Equipment

Players must wear playing attire: team shirts, shorts, athletic shoes. The jersey colors of one team must be clearly different from those of the other team. Any item of clothing or equipment that could be dangerous to him or another player, such as jewelry, is prohibited. The sports shoes are running shoes without cleats with abrasion-resistant soles. Playing without shoes is not permitted. Wearing shin guards is mandatory.

Indoor football rules

An indoor football match is usually twice 20 minutes and there is a half-time break with a half-time change.

Both teams are entitled to a one-minute time-out per half, which can only be used if the game is interrupted when they have possession of the ball.

The six players (one goalkeeper and five field players) per team and two referees move around the field.

All opposing players must be at least 3 meters away from the ball at kick-off and restarts such as a free kick, goal kick or penalty kick.

Instead of the throw-in, there is a kick-in in the hall. The ball must rest on the sidelines or up to a maximum of 25 centimeters outside the field of play. The opposing players must be five meters away.

The player has a maximum of four seconds to kick in from the time the referee clears it. The same applies to a corner kick.

The ball is in play as soon as it moves.

The offside rule is usually waived.

Fouls committed or direct free kicks per team are counted together. After the fifth foul in a half, there is a direct free kick for the opponent from the ten-meter penalty spot for each subsequent foul. No wall may be erected and the shooter must try to score in a direct way.

A penalty kick (after a foul in the penalty area) is taken from six meters away from the goal.

The player taking the shot must try to score a goal directly from the free kick. He is not allowed to play the ball.

In addition to the penalties available in field football, such as yellow and red cards, time penalties of around 2 minutes can be imposed for more serious fouls.

The number of players on a team may not be reduced to less than three players by personal penalties. If there are fewer than three players (including the goalkeeper), the game must be stopped.

Play-offs or games in tournaments that end in a draw are decided immediately by a penalty shoot-out.

Each club nominates 6 players for the penalty shoot-out, one of which must be the goalkeeper.

Are indoor soccer shoes required for indoor soccer?

Indoor soccer is usually played on artificial grass and turf. This game’s flooring is a lot softer than the ones used in futsal. Players playing indoor soccer need to use shoes that have cleats since they need more traction than when playing on a hard court.

Similar to volleyball, fistball is a racquet game in which two teams face each other on two hemispheres. The teams, each with five players, try to play a ball with their arm or fist out of the opponent’s reach into the other half field.

A net-like red and white band is stretched between two posts along the center line. With each play the ball must be played over this net. The height of the net band depends on the age group, it is a maximum of two meters. Neither the players nor the ball may touch the net or the posts during play as this will be considered a fault.

The aim is to hit the ball over the net in such a way that the opposing team cannot return it. A game continues until a team makes a mistake or the game is otherwise interrupted. Every mistake made by one team is counted as a point for the other team. In sets, the team that wins at least 2 sets wins. In a timed game, the team with the most good balls wins.

The origins of the game of fistball are obscure, but a similar game can be traced back to three centuries BC in southern Europe. This means fistball is one of the oldest sports in the world.

Before the First World War, fistball also spread in Germany as a recreational sport for gymnasts, but it was not pursued more seriously until after the Second World War. The International Fistball Federation (IFV) was founded in 1963. The first world championships were held in 1968, for women only from 1994 and there are continental fistball championships. Fistball is not an Olympic discipline, but has been part of the World Games for years.

Matchfield

Fistball can be played outdoors or indoors, so it’s not a seasonal sport. Outdoors on the sports field, the field size is 50 by 20 meters. In the hall, the marked handball field serves as a playing area with a size of 40 by 20 meters.

Indoor playing technique differs somewhat from that on grass, as the ball bounces more controlled indoors. In addition, in a sports hall, a player or ball touching a wall is counted as a fault. However, the ceiling may be touched, provided that this does not happen when the net tape is being played into the opponent’s field. In this case touching the ceiling counts as a fault.

3 meters from the center line or in front of the net tape is the service line or service line on both sides. It must not be touched during the serve. However, if the ball touches the line, it is not a fault and play continues. The referee zone is 12 by 6 meters in the middle on both edges of the playing area. The playing field also includes a run-off zone (8 meters to the rear, 6 meters to the sides), which is specially marked outdoors. In the hall, walls and grandstands form the boundary. The minimum requirement is one meter to the rear and half a meter to the sides.

The ball

A fistball is similar to a soccer ball or volleyball. It is hollow and filled with air and is 0.55 to 0.70 bar harder than a volleyball. There are balls with surfaces made of natural leather, plastic covers or with a rubberized surface. The circumference is 65 to 68 centimeters. The weight can be between 320 and 340 grams for women and between 350 and 370 grams for men. In youth competitions, the balls are lighter.

With an attack hit, a ball can reach up to 120 kilometers per hour. Care and preparation of the balls to make them harder or softer can also play a role in fistball. Each team has the right to put their own legal balls into play. The right to provide the game ball results from a lottery decision before the game and changes after each set.

Dress

The dress code is the same as for handball, indoor football or volleyball: jersey, shorts, running shoes. There are stricter rules for competitions: each team must appear in proper playing attire of the same shape and colour. The outer clothing can have long or short sleeves, playing in long trousers is generally not permitted. Shoes with stubble, metal spikes or spikes are also prohibited.

Teams

The teams consist of five players, where everyone occupies a fixed position. Although these may be swapped during the game, each player is usually a specialist in his or her fixed position. Each individual player also has to cover more space than in volleyball.

Typical team formations

The W-shape predominates in the field season with two players at the back and three people at the center line, the setter is front center. The disadvantage, the defense time of fast played balls is shorter.

The U-shape is the typical indoor setup and is also preferred at international tournaments. This has three players at the back and two at the front on the center line, the setter is at the back in the middle position. The disadvantage is that he always has to run forward to pass.

Substitutions may be made in any playing position, but only if the team in question has a service. Each team is allowed one time-out of 30 seconds per set.

Game rules

A fistball game is directed by a referee assisted by two line judges.

In a serve, the ball must go over the net into the opponent’s field and hit the ground once. The ball can be served as follows:

straight into the gap between the setter and the defender with full force

with a side cut so that the ball turns in between the attacker and the defender

heavily cut at the bottom and just behind the band into the opposing field

as a touchdown in front of the opponent’s legs

The opposing team can react to the serve with defence, a pass in their own field and an attack. In the case of a pass, the third player must play the ball back over the net into the opposing field.

The ball is allowed to bounce once on the ground before each player touches it, but only on the field of play. During a move, the ball may be touched by three different players, but the third player must play it back to the opponent over the band.

Fistball game technique

The basic principle of fistball is that a punch must be made with the fist. The fingertips must touch the palm and the thumb must be placed.

It also applies that a ball may only be played with the inside of the outstretched forearm, both when defending and passing. However, when attacking or giving, the ball is hit with the fist. Ball contact with an open palm or any part of the body other than the arm will be considered a fault.

The game is played based on points and sets. After the first set, the field, choice of ball and the first indication change. As soon as a team has scored 6 good balls, the field, choice of ball and the first entry change. The break between the individual sets is a maximum of 2 minutes, after each four sets a maximum of 10 minutes.

Playing time in sets

If playing by winning sets, a game is over as soon as one team has won 2, 3, 4 or at most 5 sets. The necessary number is specified in advance in the announcement or in the respective competition regulations. A set is usually won as soon as a team has scored 11 good balls, in addition there must be a difference of at least 2 good balls. However, each set ends when a team has scored 15 good balls. In the 1st Bundesliga for men, the game is played according to the Best of Nine principle.

Playing time in time game

Playing for time is widespread in the lower leagues and youth teams. There are two halves of 15 or 10 minutes with a change of ends in between. In this type of game, the team that scores the most good balls or points during the game wins. This form of play simplifies the organization of larger events and is still common in tournaments.

Errors and scoring

If one team makes a mistake, the other gets a point, regardless of which team served. The team that made the last mistake gets the next serve.

For example, it is considered an error

• The ball or a player touches the net tape or the posts.
• The ball touches the ground outside the field of play.
• The ball touches the ground two or more times in a row.
• The ball is played past the post or under the net into the opposing field.
• More than three players on a team touch the ball during a play before it is transported into the opponent’s half-court.
• The same player touches the ball for the second time in one play. If there are multiple touches, they must be different players.
• The serving player touches or crosses the 3-meter line or service line when serving.
• The ball touches any part of the body other than the upper arm, forearm or fist.
• The ball was touched with the open palm and thrown instead of being batted away.
• The ball touches the ceiling of the hall when it is passed to the opponent.
• The batsman crosses the service line (3-meter line) when serving. If the batsman takes a run-up, the first touch of the ground must also be behind the line immediately after touching the ball.

Snorkeling is a form of shallow water swimming and diving using a snorkel and diving goggles. The purpose of snorkeling is mostly underwater exploration, but snorkeling is also used for water rescue.

Snorkeling can be considered a special form of freediving, as no breathing apparatus is used. This technique is used in underwater rugby and underwater hockey or for underwater photography. Snorkeling is also good training for scuba diving.

Freediving or apnea by holding your breath, with or without a monofin, is the oldest and most original form of diving. Diving for the purpose of harvesting sponges or pearls dates back to 4500 BC. At the end of the 18th century the first helmet diving devices came into use. With the first practical diving equipment around 1950, scuba diving and snorkeling developed into leisure fun.

Snorkel Equipment

The basic equipment or the so-called ABC equipment consists of

diving mask pressure compensation mask with visor; unlike swimming goggles, these also cover the nose and should fit well and comfortably

• snorkel
• diving fins
• possibly diving suit and diving gloves in cold waters
• possibly lead to compensate for the buoyancy
• possibly inflatable snorkel vest for additional buoyancy

The maximum length of the snorkel is 35 centimeters. If the snorkel is too long, there is a risk of pendulum breathing. This means that no fresh air is supplied, but the exhaled air is inhaled again. Furthermore, a pressure difference can arise between the lungs and the surrounding tissue, which can lead to a circulatory collapse.

The basic requirement for snorkeling is that you can swim. When snorkeling, you swim on the water surface with a view of the water and breathe through the snorkel. Diving into deeper water is also part of snorkeling. Since water runs into the snorkel when diving, it is important to blow it out with a strong exhalation before inhaling. Some snorkels are equipped with a blow-off valve, which makes blowing out easier. There are also dry snorkels, which absorb little or no water when diving.

Since snorkeling is done in shallow water, protection from the strong sunlight is also recommended. There are also ultra-light and breathable UV shirts and UV shorts with UV protection of up to 300.

Snorkel Rules

• When buying ABC equipment, be sure to get advice from a specialist salesperson and make sure that everything fits perfectly.
• Find out more about the area where you want to snorkel or find a local dive and snorkel guide.
• Only go snorkeling if you are rested and physically fit.
• Beginners should definitely do their first snorkeling in a group.
• Be aware of the weather conditions and reschedule the dive if the weather is unstable or the waves are rough, as water can get into the snorkel very easily.
• Check your equipment before snorkeling. So that the diving goggles do not fog up, they should be rinsed out thoroughly beforehand. You can easily use spit for this or you can buy a suitable product in a specialist shop.
• While snorkeling, be actively aware of your surroundings and companions, weather changes, distance from cliffs and rocks, and not straying too far from shore or your companions.
• Refrain from taking souvenirs with you, do not touch shells, corals or sea creatures, for your own safety and to protect nature. Especially when snorkeling in the coral reef, care must be taken not to damage any of the corals with fin strikes.
• If you want to see the underwater world up close, you can dive. However, you should pay attention to the pressure difference, which is perceived as a slight pain in the ears and in the head. Close your nose with your index finger and thumb and blow air into the closed nose to equalize the pressure. When you surface, you can blow the water out of the snorkel with a powerful blow. Special diving snorkels are also commercially available.
• If you are struggling, debilitated, or otherwise unwell, be sure to let your companions know. Possibly stop snorkeling immediately.
• Do not leave any rubbish in the water or on the beach to protect nature.

Do you need to know how to swim to snorkel?

You don’t have to know how to swim to snorkel, but feeling comfortable in the water can make the experience much more relaxing and enjoyable. Non-swimmers can use floatation aids like snorkel vests to keep them afloat and snorkel in shallow areas where swimming is not required.

How does a snorkel work?

Snorkel masks cover your eyes and nose, so you can see underwater without it going up your nose. The snorkel is a flexible tube that allows you to breathe while you have your face in the water. You hold one end in your mouth and for air exchange to happen, the top of the tube has to poke out about the water’s surface.

How do you use a snorkel?

Which of the following indicates scuba diving or snorkeling activity?

Divers Flag: A red flag with a white diagonal stripe indicates that people are scuba diving or snorkeling underwater in the vicinity of the flag.

How to breathe while snorkeling

Is snorkeling hard?

But the truth is that while snorkeling is a very enjoyable and easy sport, without some basic skills, good equipment, and knowledge about the dangers and conditions of the ocean, a first time snorkeling experience can be a bit miserable, scary, and potentially dangerous .

How to clean snorkel gear

How to snorkel for beginners

Diving is a water sport in which the entire body is below the surface of the water. This requires certain skills or equipment and certain rules must be observed. Diving for the purpose of harvesting sponges or pearls dates back to 4500 BC. At the end of the 18th century the first helmet diving devices came into use.

Today’s practiced scuba diving was born in the 1950s thanks to the research and ingenuity of Hans Hass and Jacques-Yves Cousteau, who developed the first practical diving equipment.

This is why the sport of scuba diving evolved from freediving to scuba diving and through the first diving organizations to recreational sport.

Diving sports

Diving as a leisure activity can be divided into different sub-areas.

• Freediving or apnea by holding your breath, with or without a monofin, is the oldest and most original form of diving. In sports, a distinction is made between static time diving, distance diving or deep diving.
• Snorkeling is a special form of apnea diving in shallow water with a snorkel. This technique is used in underwater rugby and underwater hockey, but also in water rescue or underwater photography.
• Snorkeling is also good training for scuba diving.
• In scuba diving, or scuba diving, the diver uses a compressed air scuba or SCUBA or rebreather to stay underwater for several hours. Compressed air or nitrox is usually used as the breathing gas here.
• Oxygen or the compressed air-gas mixture has a toxic effect on the central nervous system at certain depths after a certain period of time. Therefore, scuba diving is limited to a maximum depth of 50 meters and a duration of around one hour. Dives that are too long and too deep can trigger what is known as decompression sickness when you ascend too quickly (decompression).
• Technical diving involves deeper and longer dives and goes beyond the usual recreational diving.
• During a single deep dive, the breathing gas mixture is changed several times. The divers go into the water with several bottles. Technical diving requires specific, advanced training.
• Ice diving is diving under a closed sheet of ice.
• Historical diving uses old diving technology, mainly helmet diving devices from 1900 to 1950.
• Cave diving is a particularly dangerous hobby, as many water-filled caves lack the ability to surface at short notice in dangerous situations.
• Orienteering is about fast and accurate diving as a competitive sport, similar to orienteering.
• Solo diving is done alone, i.e. without a buddy, so requires additional equipment and training.
• Underwater photography and underwater videography uses special cameras or waterproof housings for conventional cameras to take photos and videos underwater.
• Wreck diving is particularly aimed at exploring sunken shipwrecks.
• Educational diving is the generic term for the specially designed diving sport for disabled people and children as a form of therapy.

Diving equipment

The basic equipment or the so-called ABC equipment consists of

• diving mask pressure compensation mask with visor; unlike swimming goggles, these also cover the nose
• snorkel
• diving fins.

This ABC equipment is sufficient for snorkeling and apnea diving,

For all other types of scuba diving you need a compressed air diving device or scuba in addition to the ABC equipment.

Scuba Diving

For scuba diving, scuba diving and commercial diving, an open circuit compressed air scuba device, or scuba for short, is required. The abbreviation SCUBA stands for self contained underwater breathing apparatus.

Equipment for scuba diving consists of:

• one or more compressed air cylinders with compressed air or another breathing gas
• a breathing regulator to reduce the cylinder pressure to the respective ambient pressure via two stages connected in series. An inflator is also attached here to inflate and deflate the BCD and a pressure gauge to read the remaining tank pressure.
• an inflatable BC (Buoyancy Compensator) or BCD (Buoyancy Control Device) to regulate buoyancy
• a diving suit to protect against the cold, either wet suit or semi-dry suit made of neoprene or dry suit made of neoprene or rubber- or polyurethane-coated fabric
• Lead weights to compensate for the buoyancy of the diver and the diving equipment.
• Neoprene hood, diving gloves and booties
• Depth gauge, diver’s watch or dive computer, which is integrated and, in addition to the remaining no-decompression time, provides further information such as the maximum depth of the current dive and the current dive time.

Scuba equipment with devices should also include:

• a water and pressure resistant diving compass
• a diving knife or scissors to free a diver from fishing nets underwater
• Dive light for night diving, cave diving and wreck diving
• Surface signaling devices to call for help: whistles, flashing lights, buoys, mirrors or flares.
• Signaling and communication devices for underwater use: tank bangers and shakers, a metal can containing small pieces of metal or hammerhead horns for sounding signaling, or a plastic slate and permanent marker
• Diving rope, some with current or reef hooks
• diver flag

Harpoons are not permitted in scuba diving.

The buddy check

The buddy check is an important check before every dive to prevent diving accidents. Here the diver checks the equipment of his respective diving partner (buddy). This ensures that everything works properly and you also get to know the buddy’s equipment very well. Gestures that help with underwater communication can also be rehearsed here. A buddy check is not only for the safety of the diving buddy, but also for self-protection.

Diving rules

When it comes to diving, both written and unwritten rules should be observed. Beginners already learn these rules in their first diving course:

• Never dive alone!
• Do a buddy check before each dive
• Plan your dive thoroughly and dive according to this plan.
• Do not dive in areas or conditions where you do not have experience or training (wreck diving, cave diving, strong currents, etc.)
• Try new and unfamiliar pieces of equipment in a safe environment (preferably a swimming pool) before a dive.
• Limit your depth limit to 30 meters, the absolute depth limit for sport and recreational diving should be 40 meters.
• Avoid decompression dives
• Before diving in remote waters, leave messages with friends or family members so that someone knows where you are and what you intend to do.
• Never just dive into the blue unless you can see the dive site from above, especially when the current is prevailing.
• Dive calmly and carefully and enjoy the underwater world. Diving is not a sport where you try to get from A to B as quickly as possible.
• Breathe constantly and never hold your breath when diving with compressed air.
• Never breathe your scuba tank completely empty. 10 to 20 bar should always remain in the bottle to prevent water or moisture from penetrating.

How to dive ffxiv

When you are in a deep enough area to dive in FFXIV, press CTRL and the spacebar to swim underwater. On PlayStation consoles, press the circle button to swim underwater.

https://youtu.be/5IBTG5M3Nn8

What is a dive bar?

“According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the colloquial use of the word dive to describe a “drinking den” or “other disreputable place of resort” comes from the fact that these types of establishments were originally housed in cellars or basements, into which ” frequenters may ‘dive’ without observation.”

Does the size of the breath affect the dive response?

We concluded that at the two larger lung volumes both mechanical factors and input from pulmonary stretch receptors influenced the bradycardia and vasoconstriction, resulting in a nonlinear relationship between the breath-hold lung volume and magnitude of the diving response in the near-VC range.

What is scuba diving?

Scuba diving is an underwater swimming activity involving the use of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA).

How to dive in sekiro

The Mibu Breathing Technique is a latent skill, meaning players don’t have to manually equip it after unlocking it. Once they have it, they can visit any deep body of water and press the right bumper (R1 on PS4 and RB on Xbox One) to dive underwater and start swimming.

What is saturation diving?

Saturation diving allows professional divers to live and work at pressures greater than 50 msw (160 fsw) for days or weeks at a time, although lower pressures have been used for scientific work from underwater habitats. This type of diving allows for greater economy of work and enhanced safety for the divers.

Is dumpster diving illegal?

yes Dumpster diving is technically legal in all 50 states as long as it does not conflict with any city, county, or state ordinances. When a trash bag is sitting on the curb waiting to be picked up by a waste removal company, it becomes public domain.

Can you get in trouble for dumpster diving?

Dumpster diving on private property is illegal without permission from the owner of the building. Dumpster diving on private property may get you a ticket, or you could be arrested.

Is dumpster diving illegal in indiana?

It is illegal to dumpster dive on private property in Indiana unless the owner has given express permission. Additionally, commercial establishments may prohibit dumpster diving if they post no trespassing signs or take other appropriate measures to deter would-be scavengers from entering their premises.

Is dumpster diving illegal in Florida?

The Florida State Attorney General clarified the State’s law on dumpster diving. Specifically, “the act of dumpster diving in Florida is not illegal”. There are laws against trespass, littering, vandalism, and disorderly conduct that can bring criminal penalties during the process of dumpster diving.

Is dumpster diving illegal in Utah?

In Utah, dumpster diving is not illegal. Dumpster diving is, in fact, perfectly permitted in this state. You must, however, follow your state’s trespassing laws as well as the ordinances and statutes of the city or municipality.

How deep can humans dive?

The maximum depth reached by anyone in a single breath is 702 feet (213.9 metres) and this record was set in 2007 by Herbert Nitsch. He also holds the record for the deepest dive without oxygen – reaching a depth of 831 feet (253.2 metres) but he sustained a brain injury as he was ascending.

Is dumpster diving illegal in California?

Often scorned as unsafe or unsanitary, dumpster diving is legal in California, according to a 1988 Supreme Court ruling. But divers may be arrested or found if they trespass or litter.

Is dumpster diving illegal in Michigan?

Is Dumpster Diving Illegal in Michigan? Dumpster diving is not illegal in the state of Michigan. Dumpster diving is, in fact, perfectly legal in Michigan. However, you must keep an eye on your state’s trespassing rules and the city’s or municipality’s ordinances and laws.

Is dumpster diving legal in Massachusetts?

In Massachusetts, there are no laws preventing garbage diving. Dumpster diving is, in fact, perfectly permitted in this state. You must, however, follow your state’s trespassing laws as well as the ordinances and statutes of the city or municipality.

Darts, also known as Spicken, Spicker, or Spickern in southern Germany, is a game of skill. In this precision sport, arrows (darts) are thrown at a round disc, the so-called dartboard. Each player has three throws and tries to score as many hits and as many points as possible. There are several ways of counting the points, but only the files that get stuck in the disc trigger a scoring.

Although records from the 19th century suggest that darts originated in England, the name itself is French. Darts were originally small spear-like darts used as weapons in battle.

The sport of darts probably originated around 1860, in 1896 the dartboard came with divisions. In 1898, an American patented the first dart wings at the end of the shaft to stabilize flight behavior. The first sporting competitions took place in Great Britain at the beginning of the 20th century.

Darts became more and more popular in the pubs as a game of skill in this country. Nowadays the electronic dart machines are common.

Dart target

The origin of the dartboard can be traced back to wagon wheels. Hence the division into segments with specific values, a hit in the middle (bull’s eye) always has the highest value.

The dartboard has 20 segments, ranked 1 through 20, clockwise starting at 12 o’clock:
20 – 1 – 18 – 4 – 13 – 6 – 10 – 15 – 2 – 17 – 3 – 19 – 7 – 16 – 8 – 11 – 14 – 9 – 12 – 5.
This arrangement requires accurate marksmanship from the player.

In the center there are two more fields, the green single bull (25 points) as a ring around the red bull’s eye (50 points). The bull’s eye has a diameter of 12.7 millimeters, the single bull measures 31.8 millimeters in diameter.

Double and triple rings

There are also two narrow rings with an inner dimension of 8 millimeters on the disc. If a player hits the ring on the outer edge (double), the number of points in the field immediately adjacent to the inside is doubled. The inner ring is the triple, which, when hit, triples the value of the square adjacent to the inside. The highest score of a throw is therefore not the bull’s eye, but the triple-20, i.e. 60 points if you hit the 20-point field in the triple ring.

The entire disc has a diameter of 45.1 centimeters. The center of the disc is 1.73 meters above the ground. The double ring covers an area with a diameter of 34 centimeters.

Material

A dartboard for steel darts consists of sisal fibers, cork or paper. The segments are separated by a mesh of wire along the segment boundaries. This wire construction is called “spider”. The dart board has small holes that plastic dart tips fit into.

Darts or Darts

The darts or darts consist of a tip, the barrel, the shaft (shaft) and the flight, narrow wings or leaves that give the dart flight stability. A distinction is made between steel darts and soft darts.

Steel darts

Steel darts have a metal tip, are up to 30.5 centimeters long and weigh around 50 grams. The barrel is usually made of a nickel-tungsten alloy for a high weight with a narrow arrow body. For a valid throw, the dart must remain in the dartboard until it is pulled out. A scorer (writer) notes the thrown points on a board and calculates the remaining score. The player himself should also count in order to know what to throw next. Steel darts games start with 501 points in singles and with 701 or even 1001 in teams. Each game must end with a double field.

Machine darts

With automatic darts, electronic darts or e-darts, darts with plastic tips are used. The weight is limited to 18 grams in order not to damage the machine, the maximum length is 16.8 centimeters. The throw counts when the machine registers it. The most popular slot games are 301, 501 and 701. The additions Double In, Double Out or Masters Out are possible.

Darts Rules

In all variants of the game, all players must stand behind the throwing line (oche) when throwing darts at the disc. This line is at least 8 feet from the dartboard and must not be crossed.

Each player has three darts to throw at the disc in quick succession. As always, only the arrows that get stuck in the board can score. Tournament mode starts at 501 or 301 and points are subtracted. Whoever gets to exactly 0 first wins. However, if no player manages to reach exactly 0 points after 20 changes, the player with the lowest number of points wins.

Game variants

The best-known and standardized variants relate to the end of the game or the beginning of the game:

• in the case of a straight out, any field may be hit to end the game
• in the case of a double out, a double field must be hit to end the game
• a master out is like a double out, plus a throw into a triple field counts as a way to end the game
• a double in means that you have to hit any double field at the beginning of the game for the thrown
• points to count
• With a triple in you have to hit any triple field at the beginning of the game, only then do the points
• thrown count
• These game variants can also be played as 701 on many machines, and there are other scoring

variants such as 180, 401, 601, 701, 801, 901, and 1001. The 701 and 1001 variants are common in tournament play.

However, there are countless other variants for the darts game in the hobby area; almost every restaurant has its own variants and modifications to offer. Some popular games are:

Tactics / Cricket / Mickey Mouse

In Tactics, Cricket or Mickey Mouse you have to hit the numbers from 20 to 10 and Bull three times each. It also applies regionally that the game is played until 11; 20 to 15 also applies to E-Darts. The outer ring of the bull (single bull) only counts once, the inner field (bullseye) counts twice or as a double. If a field has already been hit three times and another hit is achieved, the corresponding points are credited, provided that the opponent has not yet hit this field three times. The winner is the first to hit all squares three times and score the most points.

Shanghai

There are at least three variants of this game alone. The most popular is that you have to play the numbers on the disc in numerical order. Each player throws 20 to 21 darts, or 7 rounds of 3 throws, first on the 1, second on the 2, and so on. The points scored (single, double or triple) are added up. The game is played until 20 or until the bull(s eye)

In another variant, each player throws at the 1 until it is hit, and only then at the next higher number. Typically, this game lasts 7 rounds or 21 throws. In both cases, Single, Double and Triple count on different consecutive numbers. If a player hits a single, a double and a triple of a number, it is called Shanghai. Whoever throws a Shanghai, regardless of the number, wins the game prematurely.

Around the clock

The players take turns throwing at the disc and first you have to hit the 1, then the 2 with an arrow. If you hit the double field of a number, you can skip the next number. In the triple field you can skip 2 numbers. The first player to reach and hit 20 wins. Bull and Bull’s Eye are used as jokers to be able to throw on the next number. In one variation of the game, doubles and triples are worth their true value, so a triple 4 is 12 points and the player is allowed to continue on 13.

A popular variant is counting down, i.e. beginning at 20 to 1, sometimes with a final in the bull’s eye. There are also variations that ignore double and triple hits and count them as single hits.

Double Down 41 or Half It

Each player starts with a score of 41. The goal is to hit as many points as possible in the given segment. In the first round, the 20 is thrown and each hit, including double and triple, is added up accordingly. In the 2nd round it is the turn of 19, then a double field, then 18, then 17, then a triple field, then 16 and 15. In the penultimate round each player must score exactly 41 points with 3 throwing darts. If a player does not hit the round target with any darts in a round, their score is halved. Bull is thrown in the last round and the player with the most points at the end wins.

Dart tournaments

There are darts world championships and the umbrella organization World Darts Federation (WDF) includes over 60 countries. In Germany steel darts is organized in local clubs and state leagues as well as leagues independent of associations. The state associations in the umbrella organization of the German Darts Association (DDV) regularly organize ranking tournaments at state and federal level. Every year there are also three WDF world ranking tournaments in Germany. In addition to the WDF, there has been the PDC, the Professional Darts Corporation, as a pure professional league since 1992. The German Darts Corporation (PDC Europe) represents the interests of the PDC in the German-speaking area and has been organizing its own tournament series since 2007.

As in steel darts, soft darts have different game variants, which depend on the league and sometimes differ greatly from one another

The following applies in the DSAB leagues:

• C-League 301 Single Out
• B-League 301 or 501 Master Out (Double OR Triple to end the leg)
• A-League and above 501 Double Out

Is darts a sport?

Yes. It was recognized as such by the German Olympic Committee.

Why can darts be considered a sport?

According to the admission criteria of the DOS, it has, among other things, a “sport-determining motor activity”, no “thinking, handicraft or model building activities” or “training of animals”, does not require any technical equipment, allows fair play and equal opportunities, has at least 10,000 active players in 8 out of 16 German federal states.

Is allowed an Olympic discipline?

No, so far it has only been recognized as a sport by the German Olympic Committee, but not as an Olympic sport until now.

How much does a dart weigh?

That depends entirely on the model: it is usually between 16 and 26 grams. With steel darts it can also be up to 50 grams.

How much distance must there be between the dartboard and the player?

That depends on the dart variant you want to play. The steel dart is 2.37 meters, the soft dart 2.44 meters.

What is oche?

The “oche” is the standing bar that is located at the point of the minimum throwing distance.

How high is the dartboard?

The center of the disc must always be 1.73 meters.

The six-day race has a long tradition in cycling and is one of the most important competitions in professional track cycling. In 1875 the first 6-day race took place in Birmingham, UK and in 1879 the first in the USA. Individual drivers contested these races around the clock over six days. Races with two drivers taking turns were introduced in New York in 1899. The first 6-day race in continental Europe took place in Berlin in 1909. Nowadays, only six-day races are common in two cities in German-speaking countries, in Bremen and in Berlin.

This event consists of a variety of bike races and an entertaining supporting program. Over the six-day period, there are various competitions for men and women, individual and teams. The main competition in the 6-day race is the two-man team drive, also known internationally as Madison or Americaine. The first race with teams of two took place in New York’s Madison Square Garden, which is why the international name Madison is used. This track cycling discipline has been part of the World Championship program since 1995.

Six Day Race Rules

Since it was left up to the organizers for a long time to determine the rules according to which a 6-day race was held, uniform rules specified by the world cycling association Union Cycliste Internationale or UCI have only existed since 2007. These include anti-doping rules and stipulate that a six-day race must consist of at least 24 hours of racing, i.e. an average of four hours per race day. The content of this program of different track cycling competitions may vary in sequence and combination depending on the venue.

The program usually includes sprint and stayer races, competitions for women, for U23 drivers (UIV Cup), for juniors and for paracyclists. Since 2007 there have also been UCI points for U23s, juniors and women, which has upgraded the six-day races in terms of sport.

The 6-day race track

A track in the cycling arena consists of two parallel straights that are connected by two more or less ascending curves. These racetracks are made of either concrete or wood. In the open stadiums, these are mainly concrete tracks, in halls or covered tracks mostly wooden tracks. They can be of different lengths, there are tracks with a length of 200, 250 or 333.3 meters. On such routes, drivers can reach speeds of up to 70 kilometers per hour.

Equipment

The equipment for the track racing bikes is defined by UCI rules and reduced to the technical minimum.

Wheels

The track wheels must be stabilized for the special conditions and forces involved in acceleration, changes of direction and in curves. Track bikes therefore have neither a freewheel nor a brake (fixed gear). This keeps you under steering control at high speeds and in tight conditions on the track. The bottom bracket is raised a few centimeters compared to road bikes to prevent the pedals from hitting the track.

When it comes to the material for the bike, the professionals nowadays mainly rely on carbon. The classic steel frame or the material aluminum has almost had its day. Carbon fiber bicycles are glued together from wafer-thin fibers and are therefore particularly tear-resistant with a low weight. Then there are the flowing, organic forms.

Saddle

The saddle is comfortable and well padded, but built narrow to prevent chafing and support the rider’s stretched riding position.

Tires

The tires have to withstand special requirements in a six-day race, unlike tires for the road. The standard is the lowest possible rolling resistance and up to 15 bar inflated. The guideline for the tire carcass is the number of woven threads per square inch. The higher the number, the thinner the threads and the lower the rolling resistance. For a long time, 165 thread count was considered the measure of all things, but now there are also tires with 290 threads over an inch and a half.

Additional equipment

In order to reduce air resistance when driving, professionals also use special wheels (disc rear wheels and high-profile rims).

Clothing

The biggest hurdle in cycling is wind resistance, which requires a rider to use around 90 percent of their strength to overcome. Streamlined jerseys and cycling shorts made from material that is as close-fitting as possible and overshoes made from Lycra fabric help. In addition, there is a special aerodynamic helmet or aero helmet. Many drivers also wear aerodynamic goggles.

The individual races usually bear the names of sponsors. For the team competition, two riders wear jerseys of the same color with identical numbers, one in red and one in black. It also happens that the teams bear the name of a sponsor.

Competitions

Big Hunt and Little Hunt

The Great Hunt and Small Hunt are the most important races for overall victory for a team. In the event of a tie, the additional points won will decide at the end.

The Great Hunt (or Madison) is traditionally the central element in a Six Day race where the crucial lap wins are made. All drivers are on the track at the same time. The partners of a team regularly take turns with the slingshot, when the drivers decide themselves. The big hunt usually lasts 45 minutes, a final hunt can last 60 minutes.
The Little Hunt is played under Madison Rules but over 30 minutes or a specified number of rounds (100 rounds). Important round wins and placement points can be achieved here.

Derny race

Named after the inventor Francois Derny, it is a slipstream race where up to 60 kilometers per hour can be achieved. Here the professional cyclists ride in the slipstream of a 7 hp lightweight motorbike with an additional pedal drive as a pacemaker. For the necessary synchronism, the pacemaker has to actuate a pedal drive that is connected to the rear axle by a rigid gear. The racer following the derny has a power saving of 30 to 40 percent in the slipstream.

Classification race

Elimination race Americaine
In this elimination race, the 24 professional drivers start flying together. After two laps, the driver who crosses the finish line last is eliminated, with the rear wheel being decisive. The driver who does not drop out is the winner.
team elimination
All twelve teams start the race. After five rounds, the last team is eliminated. The team that is not eliminated is the winner.

Lap record driving

• The teams start one after the other and drive five laps each. In the last lap, the potentially faster man
• gets a little extra momentum from his partner and races for the best time.
• 500m time trial
• In a fight against the clock, all professional teams race one after the other for the best time over three laps or 500 meters.

Sprint competitions

The sprinter field consists of six drivers who compete in the sprint, team sprint, keirin and lap record driving competitions.

• sprint

In the sprint, there is a scoring round every five rounds in the points race. The first four drivers receive 5 points, 3 points, 2 points and 1 point. The sprint in the last lap is rewarded with double points. If a driver manages to lap the field, 20 points are awarded.

• team sprint
  In the team sprint, three drivers form a team and the front one is eliminated after two laps. The race has a total of six laps and the sprinters drive at maximum speed right from the start.
• keirin
  Here, six sprinters compete against each other, with the pace being accelerated to up to 50 kilometers per hour in the first laps by a pacemaker, an e-bike or a derny. If the pacemaker leaves the track, the sprinters start the actual final fight.
• Lap record driving or 166 meter time trial
  In this sprint competition, athletes complete four laps of the balustrade to pick up speed. The fifth round is then decisive.
• La Ola Sprint
  To entertain the audience, organizers can also come up with special competitions. In this variant, all 24 drivers start one after the other on the top track and cheer on the audience to a La Ola wave. After 20 laps, all drivers finally sprint for victory.

Women cycling

Women’s races are held in the disciplines scratch, derny, points and elimination driving. All riders are single starters in these disciplines.

Scratch

Scratch is a one-on-one flying start over a set course. The driver who has completed the most laps wins. In the event of a tie, the finish in the final sprint decides.

Sprint and points race

In the women’s points race, there is a sprint for 5, 3, 2 and one point every ten laps in a total of five classifications. If a driver manages to lap the field, she receives 20 points. The winner is whoever has the most points at the end.

Since 2018, women, like their male colleagues, have also been competing in two-person team driving, the so-called Madison or the Great Hunt. This competition and the elimination process are the same as for the male drivers.

U23 Cup

The regulations for the U23 riders correspond to those of the Madison with teams of two, with the races lasting 45 minutes twice and 60 minutes once. In addition, there is usually a derny race and a points race.

U19 Cup

The twelve junior teams contest mostly Madison races over 30 minutes and over 45 minutes.

Paracycling

Paracyclers, i.e. cyclists with a physical impairment, usually compete against each other in a 2000 meter pursuit race.

Scores

The number of points to be won in the individual competitions is stipulated in the regulations of the world cycling association UCI.

• Sprints: 5, 3, 2, 1 points; double the number of points with a maximum of six sprints in the final hour of the six-day race
• Team Events (Madison, Team Elimination, Team Time Trial): 20, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 points.
• Individual competitions (points driving, elimination driving, lap record driving,
• Derny race, scratch, keirin): 10, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 points.
• If not all teams can participate in a heat, the score is between 15, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 in team competitions and 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 points in individual competitions.

Additional lap wins can also be achieved in the chases by lapping the entire field of drivers. The winner is the team with the most points in the zero round, so winning a round has priority over winning a point. If teams are in the lead in the same round (the so-called zero round), the team with the most points wins.
According to the UCI regulations for six-day races, additional lap wins are paid for every 100 points.

Paintball is a relatively young sport, with roots in the USA in 1940. A tactical team sport developed from the need to safely mark trees or animals from a greater distance. The basic idea of paintball is to mark as many opposing players as possible with paintballs. The hit and marked player usually has to leave the field. Usually two or more teams compete against each other.

After further development of the material around 1960, it took until 1981 to give this game a name and a set of rules. Around 1992, with the founding of the National Professional Paintball League (NPPL), paintball slowly began to establish itself internationally as a sport and paintball tournaments were shown on TV. In 1996 the first paintball world championships took place and introduced this sport to a wider audience.

Internationally, paintball is also the common umbrella term for all forms of this game. In Germany, the term “Gotcha” also occurs, a short form for “I got you!” (I got you!). The tournaments in Germany are the DPL and the Xseries, internationally the European Millennium Series or NXL Europe, the Pro Shar Cup and the CPS are known.

BYO and FPO Paintball

In paintball, several subdivisions can be made in terms of motivation and location of the activity. So-called “fun players” or “rec players” (rec as an abbreviation of recreational) differ from the tournament players (tournament players). The former mostly use forest pitches, while tournament players play almost exclusively on SupAir pitches.

Another distinction concerns the material. Depending on the sports league, organizer or field operator, BYO (Bring your Own) or FPO (Field Paint Only) applies. The BYO system allows the player the freedom to buy and bring the necessary material themselves. At FPO, everything must be purchased from the organizer or pitch operator. In some cases you can use your own material for an extra charge on top of the game fee.

Equipment and materials

Marker

The principle of the so-called paintball markers is based on that of an air pressure gun. The shot rate can be up to 28 balls per second. However, technically it is not possible to introduce so many paintballs into the shot channel so quickly. The color balls burst far too easily and can block the shot channel. In addition, the tournament regulations regulate the frequency of shots. In Germany, paintball markers are subject to the Weapons Act and may only be freely purchased from the age of 18.

There are two classes of paintball markers:

• Pump-action markers must be repeated for each shot of the marker
• Semi-automatic releases a shot with every trigger and reloads automatically. As a subgroup, a distinction is made between ePneumats with an electronic trigger and markers with a mechanical trigger.

Marker types

In addition to the technical requirements, markers can also be distinguished based on the following criteria:

• Real action markers look very much like a real gun and are often used by recreational gamers. They are available in .43 and .68 calibers. In tournament sports, however, these markers are not welcomed because they do not correspond to the desired image of the sport.
• The high-pressure compressed air bottle, or HP bottle for short, stores the compressed air required to accelerate the paintballs. 200 and 300 bar with capacities of 0.8 to 1.5 liters are common. The working pressure is 30 to 60 bar, generated by a regulator at the top of the bottle. The HP bottles are subject to strict safety controls and must be checked every five years by a state-appointed and state-monitored private testing agency. The previously used CO2 bottles no longer exist because they brought technical disadvantages (temperature dependency) with them.

Hoppers

A so-called hopper is the ammunition container, which is also referred to as an ammo box, ball container, feed container or loader. This hopper is usually located above the marker.

There are several models:

• Shaking hoppers reload by gravity or by shaking
  electric hoppers have an internal, electrically powered agitator that prevents clogging
• Force feeders push the paintballs into the marker with force (force) and enable 50 and more balls per second (bps). In addition to the electric, there are also mechanical variants (Q-Loader) with a spring that has to be wound up like a watch.

Color balls

The paintball used as ammunition gives the game its name. These color balls consist of a gelatine shell, usually filled with food coloring. They burst easily as soon as the ball hits an obstacle, leaving splashes of paint. However, red color is prohibited due to its association with blood. The most commonly used caliber in Europe is .68 (17.3 millimeters), but there are also .43, .50, .55 and .62 calibres.

The filling of the color balls can contain a mixture of potato starch, vegetable oil and food coloring. Today, colored polyethylene glycol is mostly used. This so-called paint is environmentally friendly and is biologically degraded outdoors within two weeks without leaving any residue.

Protective clothing

In paintball, it is strictly forbidden for players to play without the prescribed protective clothing. Although the paintballs are small and light, the speed at which they fire can still cause injury. The face and eyes are particularly at risk.

• protective mask
  A paintball protective mask is similar to a motorcycle helmet and protects the face and usually the ears. The safety glass viewing window is usually made of polycarbonate. The sight glass can also be changed and replaced with smoked glass, amber glass or mirrored glass.
• protective clothing
  Apart from the goggles or protective mask, all other equipment is optional. So they can be adapted to the game, the environment and the player’s preferences. However, it is advisable to wear protective clothing to prevent bruising. Neoprene bandages or simple scarves as neck or larynx protection, genital protection, gloves and knee and elbow protectors are common. The latter are popular with SupAir players as these tournaments take place on hard floors. There are also special pants and jerseys made of breathable fabric with sewn-in padding.

Running sock

The so-called running sock or barrel sock is not worn by the player. This is a fuse on the barrel of the marker to prevent an unintentional firing of a shot. As an alternative to the running sock, there is the barrel plug or barrel plug. Outside of a playing field, it is usually mandatory to secure the marker with running socks.

Game types

There are numerous paintball game variants, but with the same basic rules as a basis. Recreational paintball, RecBall or leisure paintball is the umbrella term for games outside of a league or tournament. In these fun games, fun and less the competitive situation is in the foreground. The Fun or Recreational games have the main variant Woodland. Tournament paintball is known as speedball or x-ball.

Woodland, Scenario and Big Games

Woodland is the umbrella term for all types of play on uneven or unclear terrain outside of tournament fields. A field game in the forest contains little or no artificial cover. In Germany, such fields are difficult to find due to legal regulations. Therefore, specially designed fields or halls are mainly used.

Scenario uses scenic or themed backgrounds from films, books, or historical sources. In addition, there is the fulfillment of a certain task, whereby shots do not necessarily have to be fired.

Big Games is a special feature of scenario games with an exceptionally large number of players. The world record is 4320 players in a single event. In Europe there is the North vs. South with over 1800 participants on 200 hectares of playing surface at a British Army training ground in England. The Veckring Big Game takes place in France, the EuroBigGame (EBG) in Mahlwinkel in Germany for about 1500 players.

Speedball, SupAir and X-Ball

Speedball is an umbrella term for paintball games on relatively small, clear and level fields with artificial covers. Due to the short distances and the mostly symmetrically arranged covers, the games take place very quickly. The vast majority of tournaments are played on such fields.

SupAir is the variant where the covers are made of inflatable geometric figures.

X-Ball is a younger form of paintball sport with five-man timed teams in a SupAir field. There is one point each for tearing or hanging a flag or activating a buzzer. The game is then not over, but interrupted for two minutes, the players receive instructions from the coach, are substituted and prepare for the next round of the game. Then the next game round starts from the start. As in ice hockey, there are several lines and the team in the pit box is between 5 and 12 strong.

Game variants

Game types in RecPaintball differ in terms of the number of participants and the equipment used, but it is usually played on a SupAir or Woodland field. Popular game variants are:

• Capture the flag with two teams of equal size. Each group starts from its own starting point, marked by its own flag. The goal is to steal the opponent’s flag and bring it to your starting point.
• In Hit the Base, two teams of the same size play, starting from their starting point (“Base”). The aim is to reach the opponent’s base and press a buzzer there or hit the base.
• Two-Team Elimination or Deathmatch continues until all members of a team are tagged.
• Last Man Standing is a free-for-all game, with the participating players starting in different places. Each marked player must leave the field, the last player wins.
• VIP (or President) is played with two teams, which do not have to be of the same size. A team has a designated player, the VIP, and is protected by the team. The VIP must reach an agreed point on the field without being marked by the other team.
• In Civil War or Gettisburgh, two teams consisting of the same number of players face each other in rows next to each other at a certain distance. The aim is to mark all opponents. Each player may only shoot one marker before the other team’s turn. After each round, the untagged players step forward and have their turn to tag. This continues until one last player stands as the winner or representative of the winning team.

Do paintballs hurt?

Most people state that paintball doesn’t hurt too much; it usually feels like a firm flick. But this will depend on how fast the ball is going, the distance it travels and where on the body it hits you. Paintball injuries won’t be too extensive, but you should expect a few minor bruises and bumps after playing.

Is paintball a sport?

Paintball is considered an extreme sport and shares many similarities with others in this category. But despite its combat format and use of weapons, it’s much safer than many “extreme” alternatives. When “extreme sports” comes to mind, you tend to think of skateboarding, BMXing, surfing and sports of a similar nature.

How to fill co2 paintball tank

Can you fill up a paintball tank with an air compressor?

Don’t even try to use your tire pump or a standard air compressor—it won’t work. Most of these compressors max out at 180 psi, and your paintball tanks require a minimum of 3,000 psi to fill.

What to wear to paintball?

• Long-sleeved shirt and long pants.
• Sweatshirt, sweatpants, and multiple layers if weather permits.
• Dark or camouflage colors.
• Loose fitting attire that allows activity and movement.
• Clothing you don’t mind getting dirty.
• Athletic sneakers or combat boots.
• Bring a change of clothes.

What do I need for paintball?

• Gun or Marker. Paintball guns (also referred to as markers) are the very basis for the sport of paintball.
• Mask. Paintball masks exist for the simple reason of protecting your face.
• Hopper.
• Paintballs.
• Clothing That Matches the Environment.
• Water/Snacks.
• Screwdriver/Allen Wrenches.

When was paintball invented?

The game was invented in May 1981 in New Hampshire by Hayes Noel, a Wall Street stock trader, and Charles Gaines, an outdoorsman and writer. A debate arose between them about whether a city-dweller had the instinct to survive in the woods against a man who had spent his youth hunting, fishing, and building cabins.

Does paint from paintballs wash out?

If you’re wondering ‘Does paintball paint wash out? ‘ the answer is ‘Yes! ‘ – paintballs are water-soluble, non-toxic and will wash out of your clothing on a normal wash cycle.

What are paintballs made of?

Paintballs, also simply called “paint”, are spherical gelatin capsules containing primarily polyethylene glycol, other non-toxic and water-soluble substances, and dye. Paintballs are made of materials found in food items, and are edible but taste disagreeable as they tend to dry up the mouth.

How a paintball gun works?

Does airsoft hurt more than paintball?

As there is a considerable difference in the sizes of ammunition Airsoft strikes hurt less than paintball hits. Due to the higher impact rate of paintballs, you will often see professional paintballers wear lightweight armor similar to motorcross armor and always sporting full-face protection.

Is paintball dying?

Paintball is not a dying sport, but the interest is at a steady decline. Few people get into the game, but many dedicated players continue to promote it whenever possible. So, paintball won’t run out of players anytime soon, but several factors continue to make it less appealing for some people.

Where to hydrotest paintball tank?

The best place to hydrotest your paintball tank is at a paintball field! Paintball fields have the equipment to properly hydrotest your paintball tank and will do it for a small fee.

How bad does a paintball hurt?

Most people state that paintball doesn’t hurt too much; it usually feels like a firm flick. But this will depend on how fast the ball is going, the distance it travels and where on the body it hits you. Paintball injuries won’t be too extensive, but you should expect a few minor bruises and bumps after playing.

How to hold a paintball gun

How to disassemble a revelation paintball gun

Is paintball dangerous?

In reality, paintball is relatively safe and most injuries come from falling or running into obstacles on the field. The most serious injuries, though very rare, come from players taking off their masks and other safety equipment. In general, if you follow the safety rules of paintball, it’s a very safe sport.

How to remove paintball tank regulator

Do paintballs stain?

In short, paintballs won’t stain your clothes permanently. You’d be shocked to know that they are not made from actual paint (oh! The scandal!). Paintballs are actually made from non-toxic, water-soluble and bio-degradable products.

Are paintballs edible?

Paintball ingredients themselves, are not toxic. However, they draw fluid away from the body and into the intestinal tract, which leads to dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst and urination, and most concerning a severe elevation in the blood sodium level.

How to dress for paintball

• Paintball mask/goggles to cover your full face
• Baseball cap, sandana or scarf for hair and head protection
• Long pants – blue jeans or cargo pants
• Long sleeve t-shirts with a sweatshirt or jersey over
• Running shoes, hiking boots or cleats depending on the playing surface
• Gloves – fingerless for trigger control
• Layers for more protection

Where to buy zombie paintball masks?

Amazon.com

How to create a paintball club at a university

Look on your university’s website, post in your school’s Facebook groups, or ask around to find out if your school has a paintball team or club.

Can felons play paintball?

Generally, NOPE…. no bb guns, airsoft guns, paintball markers, etc may be owned or possessed by a known felon…. You can play paintball on a legal field, but you cannot possess or own any type of firearm, air/c02 propelled or gun powder propelled. not in your house, or outside of your house.

How to find paintball tournaments

How expensive is paintball in New Mexico?

$20 for pre-registration and $25 for walk-up all day play and air if you need it.

Are pump paintball guns more accurate?

These types of paintball guns are very simple in design and are typically more reliable than most other paintball guns. Pump paintball guns still require an air source, like a small 10ci HPA tank or 12 gram CO2 cartridges, and can usually be seen with either a small 50 round hopper or 10 round feed tube.

Do people still play paintball?

Although there’s a steady decline in people’s interest in paintball, there are still millions of enthusiasts who are playing the sport. In fact, if you look at paintball forums, most of them are still as active as ever.

Is it legal to ship paintball guns?

With this, paintball guns are completely legal and safe to ship in the USPS mail in the domestic United States. According to USPS policies: “c. Air guns that do not fall within the definition of firearm under 12.1.

Has anyone died playing paintball?

Paintball is a very safe sport, but the short answer is yes, there are several confirmed cases of people who have been killed while playing paintball and some anecdotal stories. Overall, there have been very few deaths from paintball and most of those have been related to carelessness or indirect causes.

Canadian Football (Football canadien in French) is a ball sport that is played almost exclusively in Canada. It is one of the so-called gridiron football games and represents a mixture of soccer and rugby. The first documented Canadian football game took place on November 9, 1861 at the University of Toronto. Thus, Canadian football is slightly older than American football, which was first played in 1869. As in the USA, football was initially limited to sports activities at universities.

In Montreal, around 1870, a hybrid form of football and rugby was popular at McGill University. International games and contacts finally gave the universities the impetus to further develop this sport. From 1882 the first local leagues emerged and the sport slowly became popular outside of the universities. Each of Canada’s ten provinces continues to have its own regional association.

In 1909, the Gray Cup was the first national championship game, and in 1956 the professional league Canadian Football League (CFL) was founded. Football Canada is now the national umbrella organization for amateur sports and has also been a member of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF) since 2004. As the umbrella organization for four regional federations, U Sports regulates college sports in Canada, for a total of 27 colleges.

Goal of the game

The basic idea in Canadian football is the same as in American football: players have to gain space on the limited field. There are two teams of twelve players each trying to score the most points in a game. A game consists of four quarters of 15 minutes each.

Points can be scored in different numbers in different ways in the game. There is an attacking team (offence), which can throw the ball (passing) or run (rushing, running) into the opposing area. The offense has three tries to gain at least ten yards.

The defending team (defence) must at least prevent the offense from doing so or gain possession of the ball. If the ball goes to the defence, the offense loses the right to attack the opponents. If the defense can push the attackers back into their own end zone, there are also points. At the end of the game, the team with the most points wins.

Canadian Football versus American Football

The similarities between Canadian and American football are great and at first glance the types of play are almost indistinguishable. However, there are significant differences in playing field, rules and game tactics. Many of the new US varsity football regulations introduced in the 1900s were not adopted in Canada.

The main differences

• In Canada, the football field is longer and wider than in American football and the end zones are also much longer at 20 instead of 10 yards.
• In Canadian football, there are twelve players on the field, not eleven.
• There are only three tries or downs in an attacking play instead of four.
• The time between two turns is 20 seconds instead of 40.
• Offense and defense are separated by a yard, in American football it is a ball length.
• All backfield players are allowed to move in any direction, as opposed to only one man in motion in
• the American variant. This may only move sideways and backwards before the snap.
• Canadian Football has less lag and more room for play.
• This in turn creates the opportunity to use faster players and also more passing plays.

The playing field

The playing field between goal lines in Canadian football is 110 yards (100.5 meters) and 65 yards (59.44 meters) wide. Each end zone is 20 yards (18.23 meters), so the playing field is 150 yards (137.16 meters) long. There are markers in five-yard increments, every ten yards is the distance to the nearest end zone. The 55 yard line or center field has a ‘C’ mark. There are also two hashmarks 24 yards (21.95 meters) from the sidelines. Between these, the ball is placed before each snap.

The goals

The goals, which are almost identical to American football goals, are centered on the goal line. They consist of a crossbar ten feet (3.05 meters) above playing field level and two vertical posts. These rise 30 feet (9.14 meters) from the crossbar and are 18.5 feet (5.64 meters) apart.

The ball

The ball in Canadian football is an elongated ellipsoid of revolution with pointed ends. This egg-shaped ball is 11 to 11.25 inches (about 28 to 28.5 centimeters) long and weighs about 14 to 15 ounces or 400 to 425 grams and has a lateral circumference of 20.875 to 21.125 inches (53 to 53.5 centimeters). There are also two stripe marks at each end that are one inch wide. The ball should be inflated to 12.5 to 13.5 psi or 0.86 to 0.93 bar.

Equipment

The standard equipment for Canadian football players is no different than that for American football. it consists of

• Nylon or spandex football jersey with enough space for the padding. The jerseys must completely cover any protective equipment.
• Football shorts made of nylon or elastane: They reach below the knee and have pockets in which additional padding, for example to protect the tailbone, can be inserted (five-pocket shorts).
• Football helmet with grid-shaped face mask (face mask) and mouth guard: The helmets used to be made of leather, today they are made of sturdy plastic; the face shield can be made of metal or plastic. A thin belt under the chin keeps the helmet in place.
• Belt
• Gloves with padding and sticky palms for better grip to better catch the ball.
• Shoulder pads with neck protection protect the player’s chest, back and shoulders against injuries in the event of a collision.
• Thigh pads and Kriepads: Like the shoulder pads, these are a few millimeters thick to protect particularly sensitive areas from injury.
• Socks: These must cover the entire leg and be in contact with the pants.
  football shoes with cleats; the use of a kicking tee is permitted in Canadian football.

The most important Canadian football terminology

Since the origins of the game are in the English-speaking world, you should learn some English terminology for player positions, gameplay and moves.

• Audible is an order from the quarterback calling the next play
• Backup is a substitute player who is in the bench area.
• Backfield: All off-line offense players are in the backfield. Here is also the fixed position of the quarterback.
• Blocking is the legal act of putting an opponent in the way
• Center is an important position on the offensive line to protect the quarterback
• Challenge: If the coach disagrees with a referee’s decision, he may request video evidence.
• Complete Pass is a lawful toss of the ball from one team member to another.
• Cornerback is a defensive position.
• Defense tries at the beginning of a play to prevent the offense from winning a point. It’s the team that doesn’t have possession of the ball.
• Defensive Line is the first line of defenders of the Defence, consisting of the
• Defensive tackles and defensive ends. The goal is to attack the quarterback directly.
• Down is a play.
• The end zones are the two areas at the end of the field.
• Field goal is kicking the ball through the goal posts, which scores three points
• Fumble happens when the ball falls out of the hands of the player with the ball. The ball is free and can be captured by either team.
• Goalline: The dividing line between the end zone and the rest of the field.
• Guards are players on the offensive linemen.
• Hand-off is passing the ball without a pass.
• Holding: If a player without the ball is held by his opponent, this is equivalent to a foul. Only the player with the ball may be stopped.
• Huddle is the gathering of players on the field before a turn.
• Incomplete pass occurs when the receiver loses the ball with their feet out of bounds or the ball otherwise touches the ground.
• Interception is the catching of a ball by a defender.
• Line of scrimmage is the line from which each play begins. It always runs where the ball-carrying player was last brought down. This line is displayed by the chain crew.
• Offense is the attacking team.
• Offensive Linemen: These five players sit directly in front of the quarterback: center in the middle, guards next to them, and tackles on the outside.
• Pass is a ball toss to another player. At the beginning of a play, this is often the quarterback’s pass to another player. The receiver must catch the ball and not drop it.
• Quarterback is an important player position, catching the ball after the snap and starting the play.
• Quarter: One of the four periods of a football match.
• Receiver: A receiver or wide receiver catches the ball after a pass, receivers in the backfield are called slotbacks.
• Running backs are players whose main job is to run.
• Safety is a special form of winning points and, as safeties, also a position to intercept passes.
• Snap is the passing of the ball from the center to the quarterback and thus the beginning of each play. The snap is most commonly performed one-handed, passing the ball off the ground through the center’s legs directly into the hands of the quarterback.
• Tackle is a legal knocking down of a player.
• Tackles are the outside players on the offensive linemen
• Tight ends are a hybrid of offensive lineman and wide receiver.
• Touchdown: If the ball is captured or caught in the opponent’s end zone, or if a player runs into the opponent’s end zone with the ball in hand, this is a touchdown.
• Turnover is a change in possession of the ball.

Game length and timing

The length of the game is four quarters of 15 minutes each, and there is a 14-minute break between the second and third quarters, and a 140-second break after the first and third quarters. Each team has one timeout per half. Three minutes before the end of the game in each half, there is a brief interruption for the Three Minute Warning. The clock generally continues to run.

However, the game time clock is stopped when

• is scored
• the ball goes out or
• a passport remains incomplete
• when penalties are applied
• if a substitution is to be made
• when a player is injured on the field
• at the end of the time of each quarter and
• if the referees deem an interruption necessary
• Also during conversions and after the end of each turn until the end of half time after a three minute warning has been given.

The players

Offense

The offense consists of offensive line and backfield/receiver. The offensive line consists of five players: the center in the middle, the guards next to them and the tackles on the outside. Her job is to protect the quarterback on passes and to block holes for the running back on runs. The center also performs the snap. Receivers and backfield players primarily move the ball. Offensive lineman are not allowed to catch forward passes.

There are four main groups of backs and receivers: quarterbacks, running backs, wide receivers, and tight ends.

The quarterback receives the ball on an offensive play and decides whether to run with the ball himself, hand it to a ball carrier to run, or throw a forward pass. He can stick to the coach’s moves or change them (audible) and pass them on to the other players in a so-called huddle. Running backs run with the ball and catch passes, but they are also blockers.

He receives the play selection from the coach and decides whether to keep it or change it (Audible). He passes the turn selection in the huddle on to the other players. The running backs have the task of running with the ball, but are also entitled to catch passes. Wide receivers are primarily there for pass routes and passes, but can also be used as additional blockers.

Defence

The defense consists of three groups: defensive line, linebackers and defensive backs. The defensive line consists of the defensive tackles and the defensive ends at the ends. They attack the opposing quarterback and close the gaps for the running back. Behind this line of defense are the linebackers with outside and inside linebackers who have different defensive duties.

The last line of defense, defensive backs or secondary, consist of cornerbacks, free safeties, and strong safeties. Their primary role is pass defense as well as stopping wide receivers, slotbacks, and tight ends from catching passes. They also try to catch passes themselves (turnover, interception). The cornerbacks at the line of scrimmage are responsible for covering wide receivers. Safeties are usually very far behind, with the free safety being faster and more flexible, and the strong safety being more robust.

Special teams

Special teams positions exist only in kick situations: kicker, kickoff specialist, punter, holder, long snapper, kick returner, punt returner, jammer, upback, and gunner. Most of the terms already describe the function.

A long snapper executes the snap to the holder or punter. The holder is responsible for receiving the ball from the long snapper and placing it in an optimal position on the kicker. The punter receives snaps and kicks them as far to the opponent’s end zone as possible. A gunner tries to stop the returner as early as possible. Jammers, on the other hand, try to slow down the gunner for maximum space gain. An upback protects your punter from opponents.

Gameplay

At the beginning of the game, the team captains meet with the referee in the middle of the field to toss a coin for the kickoff and end zone selection. At the beginning of the second half, both parties meet again for the end zone choice.

Each half of the game begins with a kickoff, with each team opening once. If a kickoff does not end with a touchdown in the opponent’s end zone, the starting point is where the returner was stopped. If the kickoff went out, your own 35-yard line is the starting point for plays.

A play begins when the center passes the ball to the quarterback. A turn ends

• when the ball carrier is thrown to the ground (tackle)
• when a ball carrier is forced out
• when scored
• when a forward pass touches the ground or out of bounds uncaught
• when a kick goes wide.

The offense has three attempts to gain ten yards of possession with possession. If this does not succeed, she loses the right to attack. Passing the ball or running with the ball is considered gaining space. The defense tries to keep the offense from gaining space. A pass is caught if a foot or any other part of the body touches the ground in play before the player lands out of bounds.

Winning the ball

In Canadian football, every kick and every punt can be captured by the opposing team. Any player on the kicking team may win the ball provided he was behind the kicker at the time of the kick. However, the opposing team must not be prevented from kicking.

When attempting to capture the ball, no player on the opposing team may be within five yards of the ball carrier until the first touch, or a penalty will be assessed. Unlike in American football, failed field goal attempts may be carried back. After a successful field goal, the opposing team has the choice of receiving the ball or a kickoff at their own 35-yard line. If the field goal occurs in the last three minutes before the end of regular time, a kickoff must occur.

At the beginning of the second and fourth quarters, sides are switched, but the right of attack and position remain the same as those at the end of the previous quarter.
The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.

Scoring

Points in Canadian football are scored the same as in American football:

• Touchdown: Here the ball is transported over the field by a run or a pass over the opposing end zone.
• The touchdown scores six points.
• Point after touchdown or extra point: After a touchdown, the team gets an additional attempt (conversions) from the opposing 5-yard line for a field goal scored (point after touchdown; PAT), there is a point.
• Conversion: Another touchdown after a try brings 2 points.
• Field Goal: The kick must put the ball in the top half of the goal. 3 points
• Safety (Safety Touch): If the offense player is stopped in the opposing zone, there are points for the defense team. 2 points

In addition, with the so-called single, there is the possibility of scoring a single point after a kick into the opposing end zone.

Referee

There are multiple umpires in Canadian football, up to seven in matches, three to five otherwise. They wear a special black and white striped uniform. The referee positions are the referee, umpire, back judge, field judge, side judge, line judge and head linesman. They all have fixed positions and functions. If there are rule violations, they throw an orange flag. Fouls are usually punished with a loss of space.